Soil Fertility Assessment and Mapping of Spatial Variability at Amareganda-Abajarso Sub-Watershed, North-Eastern Ethiopia
January 1, 2016
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Abstract: Information on soil fertility assessment and mapping of arable land helps to design appropriate soil fertility management practices. Experiment was conducted at Amaregenda-Abajarso sub-watershed to assess the fertility status and mapping the spatial variability of selected soil fertility parameters. Based on land use type, soil color, altitude, slope gradient and aspect, and to a lesser extent soil management practices, the study area was divided into 8 land units (LUs). Then, a total of 24 composite surface soil samples were collected for laboratory analysis. All of the analyzed soil properties vary significantly (P < 0.01) among LUs except C: N ratio. The mean values of sand and clay fractions ranged from 67.33 (LU 8) to 43.4% (LU 3) and 40.93 (LU 1) to 12.67% (LU 8), respectively. Dominantly, sandy clay loam soil textural class was recorded. The mean soil bulk density varied from 1.15 to 1.38 g cm-3. The lowest (6.05) and highest (6.74) values of soil pH were recorded for LUs 8 and 2, respectively. The organic matter content of soils ranged from 1.33 (LU 2) to 3.70% (LU 8). The total N content ranged from 0.09 (LU 2) to 0.30% (LU8). The available P content ranged from 9.31 (LU 8) to 19.53 mg/kg soil (LU 1). The exchangeable K content ranged from 97.48 (LU 2) to 357.70 mg kg-1 (LU8). The highest CEC (46.6) and lowest (33.47 cmol (+) kg-1) values were recorded in LUs 8 and 5, respectively. Exchangeable Ca and Mg ranged from 9.25 (LU 4) to 23.35 cmol (+) kg-1 (LU 2) and 2.76 (LU 5) to 8.50 cmol (+) kg-1 (LU 3), respectively. The highest (76.86%) and lowest (50.61%) mean values of PBS were recorded for LUs 2 and 4, respectively. The EDTA extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, in mg kg-1, ranged from 56.03 to 96.19, 65.30 to 226.48, 1.84 to 6.19, and 1.12 to 4.34, respectively. From the total LUs, 87.5 % were low in OM; 50%, deficient in total N and Fe, 25% were deficient in Cu and Zn and 12.5% were deficient in available K and Mn. In conclusion, integrated plant nutrient management practices that use organic inputs, mineral fertilizers, and improved crop varieties that can be adapted to local farming situations should be implemented to improve and sustain productivity of cultivated land in the area.
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Keywords: Wollo; Soil; Cultivation; Crops; Maps; micronutrients; Macronutrients
Abate, K., M. Mohammed, and K. Kibret. “Soil Fertility Assessment and Mapping of Spatial Variability at Amareganda-Abajarso Sub-Watershed, North-Eastern Ethiopia”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 1-14, doi:10.20372/eajs.v10i1.323.
References
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Achalu Chimdi, Heluf Gebrekidan, Kibebew Kibret, and Abi Tadesse. 2012. Status of selected physicochemical properties of soils under different land use systems of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 2 (3) : 57-71.
Ahmed Hussein. 2002. Assessment of spatial variability of some physicochemical properties of soils under different elevations and land use systems in the western slopes of Mount Chilalo, Arsi, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu Kiflu and Sheleme Beyene. 2013. Effect of different land use systems on selected soil properties in south Ethiopia. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 4 (5): 100-107.
Anil, K., Anil, K. C., Vijay, P., Vinod, K. S., and Ummed, S., 2016. Soil Factors Associated with Micronutrient Acquisition in Crops- Biofortification Perspective. (Available online at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_13 accessed on July 10, 2016)
ATA (Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency). 2013. Status of soil resources in Ethiopia and priorities for sustainable management. Ethiopian ATA In: GSP for Eastern and Southern Africa. March 25-27, 2013, Nairobi, Kenya.
Bewket, W. and Stroosnijder, L. 2003. Effects of agro ecological land use succession on soil properties in Chemoga watershed. Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Geoderma., 111: 85-98.
Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis. Part-I, American Society of Agronomy. Madison,Wisconsin, USA. 1572p.
Bohn, H. L., McNeal, B. L., and O'Connor, G. A. 2001. Soil Chemistry. 3rd Edn. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.
Bouyoucos, G. J. 1962. Hydrometer method improvement for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy, 54: 179-186.
Bremner, J. M., and Mulvaney, C. S. 1982. Nitrogen – total. In: Page et al. (Eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Chemical and microbiological properties. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, 2: 595-642
Chapman, H. D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity by ammonium saturation. pp 891-901. In: Black, C. A. (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy Part-II, No. 9. American society of agronomy. Madison, WI, USA.
Chianu, J. N., and Mairura, F. 2012. Mineral fertilizers in the farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 32: 545-566.
Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendations. FAO Soil Bulletin 38/2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1982. Micronutrients and the Nutrient Status of Soils: A Global Study. Soil Bulletin No 63, United Nations Food and Agriculture organization, Rome.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). (1998). Ethiopia: Soil Fertility Initiative, concept Paper, Report No. 98/028 CP-ETH, FAO/World Bank Cooperative Program. FAO, Rome.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 2006a. Plant nutrition for food security: A guide for integrated nutrient management. FAO, Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 16. FAO, Rome
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2006b. Guidelines for soil description.4th edition.FAO of the United Nations, Rome.
Gao, G., and Chang, C. 1996. Changes in cation exchange capacity and particle size distribution of soils associated with long-term annual applications of cattle feed lot manure. Soil Science, 161: 115-120.
Gazey, C., and Davies, S. 2009. Soil acidity: A guide for WA farmers and consultants. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth.
Gebeyaw Tilahun. 2007. Soil fertility status as influenced by different land Uses in Maybar areas of South Wello Zone, North Ethiopia. MS.c Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia. 40p.
Haque, I., Lupwayi, N., and Tekalign Tadesse. 2000. Soil micronutrient contents and relation to other soil properties in Ethiopia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 31: 2751-2762.
Havlin J. L., Beaton J. D., Tisdale S. L., Nelson W. L. 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. New Jersely, USA: Prentice Hall. Inc pp. 345-355.Hue, N. V., Vega, S. and Silva, J. A. 2001. Manganese toxicity in a Hawaiian Oxisol affected by soil pH and organic amendments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65: 153-160.
Hazelton, P. and B. Murphy, 2007. Interpreting soil test results: What do all the numbers mean? (2nd Edn.). CSIRO Publishing. 152p.
Jatav, M. K., Dua, V. K., Kumar, M., Trehan, S. P. and Kumar, S. 2013. Spatial distribution of soil available Nutrients in the potato growing pockets of Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Potato Journal, 40 (2): 128-134
Juo, A. S. R., Franzlucbbers, K., Dabiri A. and Ikhile, B. 1996. Soil properties and crop performance on a kaolinitic Alfisol after 15 years of fallow and continuous cultivation. Journal of Plant and Soil, 180: 209-217.
Landon, J. R. 1991. Booker tropical soil manual: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, New York. 474p.
Mesfin Abebe. 1998. Nature and management of Ethiopian soils. Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia.
Mohammed Assen, Leroux, P. A. L., Barker, C. H., and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2005. Soils of Jelo micro-catchment in the Chercher Highlands of Eastern Ethiopia: I. Morphological and physio-chemical properties. Ethiopian Journal of Natural Resources, 7 (1): 55-81.
Murage, E. W., Karanja, N. K., Smithson, P. C., Woomer, P. L. 2000. Diagnostic indicators of soil quality in producte and non-productive smallholders’ fields of Kenya’s Central Highlands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 79: 1-8.
Nedessa, B., Ali, J., and Nyborg, I. 2005. Exploring ecological and socio-economic issues for the improvement of area enclosure management: Case Study from Ethiopia. Dry Lands Coordination Group Report No. 38. Oslo, Norway.
Nega Emiru and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2013. Effect of land use changes and soil depth on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soils in Senbat Watershed, Western Ethiopia. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8 (3): 206-2012.
Oades, J. M., Gillman, G. P., Uehara, G., Hue, N. V., Van Noordwijk, M., Robertson, G. P. and Wada, K. 1989. Interactions of soil organic matter and variable-charge clays. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. pp. 69-95.
Okalebo, J. R., Gathua, K. W. and Womer, P. L. 2002. Laboratory methods of soil and plant analyses: a working manual, 2nd Edn. TSBF –CIAT and SACRED Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
Olowolafe, E. A. 2004. An evaluation of soil fertility indicators using soil survey data on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8 (2): 54-61.
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F.S., and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodiumbicarbonate. USD Acircular, 939: 1-19.
Rowell, D. L. 1994. Soil science: Methods and applications. Longman group UK Limited.
Roy, R., Misra, R., Lesscheen, P., and Smaling, M. 2003. Assessment of soil nutrient balance, approaches and methodologies. Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 14. FAO United Nations, Rome.
Saikh, H., Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. 1998a. Changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus levels due to deforestation and cultivation. A case study in Simplipal National Park, India. Plant and Soil, 198: 137-145.
Saikh, H., Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. 1998b. Effects of deforestation and cultivation on soil CEC and contents of exchangeable bases. A case study in Simplipal National Park, India. Plant and Soil, 204: 67-75.
Sanchez, P. A., Sheperd, K. D., Soul, M. J., Place, F. M., Buresh, R. J., Izac, A. M. N., Mokwunye, A. U, Kwesiga, F. R., Ndirtu, C. G., and Woomer, P. L. 1997. Soil fertility replenishment in Africa. An investment in natural resource capital. pp. 1-46. In: Buresh, R. J., Sanchez, P. A. and Calnoun, F. (Eds.). SSSA special publication No. 51. SSSA. Am. Soc. Argon. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp: 1-46
Sharma, V. K. and Anil, K. H. 2003. Characterization and classification of the soil of upper Maul Khad catchment in wet temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh. Agropedology, 13: 39-49
Singh, R. P. and Mishra, S. K. 2012. Available macro nutrients (N, P, K and S) in the soils of Chiraigaon Block of District Varanasi in relation to soil characteristics. Indian Journal of Science Research, 3 (1): 97-100.
Sitanggang, M., Rao, Y. S., Ahmed N. and Mahapatra, S. K. 2006. Characterization and classification of soils in watershed area of Shikohpur, Gurgaon district, Haryana. Journal of Indian Society Soil Science, 54: 106-110.
Solomon Dawit, Fritzsche, F., Tekaligne Mamo, Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. 2002. Soil organic matter dynamics in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands: Evidence from natural 13C abundance and particle-size fractionation. Journal of Soil Science Society of America, 66: 969-978.
Steven, C., Laura, E., Pauline, M., Richard, P. and Don, Y. 2012. The relationships between land management practices and soil condition and the quality of ecosystem services delivered from agricultural land in Australia. Kiri-ganai Research Pty Ltd. Pp. 4.
Tekalign Tadese. 1991. Soil, plant, water, fertilizer, animal manure and compost analysis. Working Document No. 13. International Livestock Research Center for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Teklu Erkossa, Suwanarit, A., Osotsapar, Y. and Sarobol, E. 2003. Status of Mn and Fe in agricultural soils of Western Ethiopia: Laboratory Assessment. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science, 37 (3): 296-306.
Thangasamy, A., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam, N. and Reddy, R. C. 2005. Characterization, classification and evaluation of soil resources in Sivagiri micro-watershed of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh for sustainable land use planning. Journal of Indian Society Soil Science, 53: 11-21.
Tuma Ayele. 2007. Effect of Fruit Based Land Use Systems on Soil Physicochemical Properties: The Case of Smallholders Farming Systems in Gamo-Gofa, Southern Ethiopia. MS.c thesis, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Tuma Ayele, Tesema Tanto, Mekonen Ayana. 2013. Rating and correlating physicochemical properties of EutricVertisols in Abaya Chamo Lake basin, South-west Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4 (5): 3559-3568.
Van Reeuwijk, L. P. 1993. Procedure for Soil Analysis. 4th Edn. International Soil Reference Center Wageningen (ISRIC) Technical Paper No. 9. The Netherlands.
Wajahat, N., Sajida, P. and Iftikhar, S. 2006. Status of Micronutrients in Soils of District Bhimber (Azad Jammu and Kashmir). Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1 (2): 35-40
Wakene Negassa and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2003. Forms of phosphorus and status of available nutrients under different land use systems of Alfisols in Bako area, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Natural Resources, 5 (1): 17-37.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the digestion method for determining soilorganicmatterandaproposedmodificationofthechromicacidtitrationmethod. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Wondimagegne Chekol and Abere Mnalku. 2012. Selected Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soils of the Middle Awash Irrigated Farm Lands, Ethiopia. Ethiopia Journal of Agricultural Science, 22: 127-142.
Yifru Abera and Taye Belachew. 2011. Local Perceptions of Soil Fertility Management in Southeastern Ethiopia. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 1 (2): 64-69.
Abayneh Esayas, Gebeyhu Belay and Kebede Agezie. 2001. Soils of Areka Agricultural Research Center. Technical Paper No. 77. EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Achalu Chimdi, Heluf Gebrekidan, Kibebew Kibret, and Abi Tadesse. 2012. Status of selected physicochemical properties of soils under different land use systems of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 2 (3) : 57-71.
Ahmed Hussein. 2002. Assessment of spatial variability of some physicochemical properties of soils under different elevations and land use systems in the western slopes of Mount Chilalo, Arsi, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu Kiflu and Sheleme Beyene. 2013. Effect of different land use systems on selected soil properties in south Ethiopia. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 4 (5): 100-107.
Anil, K., Anil, K. C., Vijay, P., Vinod, K. S., and Ummed, S., 2016. Soil Factors Associated with Micronutrient Acquisition in Crops- Biofortification Perspective. (Available online at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_13 accessed on July 10, 2016)
ATA (Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency). 2013. Status of soil resources in Ethiopia and priorities for sustainable management. Ethiopian ATA In: GSP for Eastern and Southern Africa. March 25-27, 2013, Nairobi, Kenya.
Bewket, W. and Stroosnijder, L. 2003. Effects of agro ecological land use succession on soil properties in Chemoga watershed. Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Geoderma., 111: 85-98.
Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis. Part-I, American Society of Agronomy. Madison,Wisconsin, USA. 1572p.
Bohn, H. L., McNeal, B. L., and O'Connor, G. A. 2001. Soil Chemistry. 3rd Edn. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.
Bouyoucos, G. J. 1962. Hydrometer method improvement for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy, 54: 179-186.
Bremner, J. M., and Mulvaney, C. S. 1982. Nitrogen – total. In: Page et al. (Eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Chemical and microbiological properties. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, 2: 595-642
Chapman, H. D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity by ammonium saturation. pp 891-901. In: Black, C. A. (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy Part-II, No. 9. American society of agronomy. Madison, WI, USA.
Chianu, J. N., and Mairura, F. 2012. Mineral fertilizers in the farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 32: 545-566.
Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendations. FAO Soil Bulletin 38/2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1982. Micronutrients and the Nutrient Status of Soils: A Global Study. Soil Bulletin No 63, United Nations Food and Agriculture organization, Rome.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). (1998). Ethiopia: Soil Fertility Initiative, concept Paper, Report No. 98/028 CP-ETH, FAO/World Bank Cooperative Program. FAO, Rome.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 2006a. Plant nutrition for food security: A guide for integrated nutrient management. FAO, Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 16. FAO, Rome
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2006b. Guidelines for soil description.4th edition.FAO of the United Nations, Rome.
Gao, G., and Chang, C. 1996. Changes in cation exchange capacity and particle size distribution of soils associated with long-term annual applications of cattle feed lot manure. Soil Science, 161: 115-120.
Gazey, C., and Davies, S. 2009. Soil acidity: A guide for WA farmers and consultants. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth.
Gebeyaw Tilahun. 2007. Soil fertility status as influenced by different land Uses in Maybar areas of South Wello Zone, North Ethiopia. MS.c Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia. 40p.
Haque, I., Lupwayi, N., and Tekalign Tadesse. 2000. Soil micronutrient contents and relation to other soil properties in Ethiopia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 31: 2751-2762.
Havlin J. L., Beaton J. D., Tisdale S. L., Nelson W. L. 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. New Jersely, USA: Prentice Hall. Inc pp. 345-355.Hue, N. V., Vega, S. and Silva, J. A. 2001. Manganese toxicity in a Hawaiian Oxisol affected by soil pH and organic amendments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65: 153-160.
Hazelton, P. and B. Murphy, 2007. Interpreting soil test results: What do all the numbers mean? (2nd Edn.). CSIRO Publishing. 152p.
Jatav, M. K., Dua, V. K., Kumar, M., Trehan, S. P. and Kumar, S. 2013. Spatial distribution of soil available Nutrients in the potato growing pockets of Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Potato Journal, 40 (2): 128-134
Juo, A. S. R., Franzlucbbers, K., Dabiri A. and Ikhile, B. 1996. Soil properties and crop performance on a kaolinitic Alfisol after 15 years of fallow and continuous cultivation. Journal of Plant and Soil, 180: 209-217.
Landon, J. R. 1991. Booker tropical soil manual: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, New York. 474p.
Mesfin Abebe. 1998. Nature and management of Ethiopian soils. Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia.
Mohammed Assen, Leroux, P. A. L., Barker, C. H., and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2005. Soils of Jelo micro-catchment in the Chercher Highlands of Eastern Ethiopia: I. Morphological and physio-chemical properties. Ethiopian Journal of Natural Resources, 7 (1): 55-81.
Murage, E. W., Karanja, N. K., Smithson, P. C., Woomer, P. L. 2000. Diagnostic indicators of soil quality in producte and non-productive smallholders’ fields of Kenya’s Central Highlands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 79: 1-8.
Nedessa, B., Ali, J., and Nyborg, I. 2005. Exploring ecological and socio-economic issues for the improvement of area enclosure management: Case Study from Ethiopia. Dry Lands Coordination Group Report No. 38. Oslo, Norway.
Nega Emiru and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2013. Effect of land use changes and soil depth on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soils in Senbat Watershed, Western Ethiopia. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8 (3): 206-2012.
Oades, J. M., Gillman, G. P., Uehara, G., Hue, N. V., Van Noordwijk, M., Robertson, G. P. and Wada, K. 1989. Interactions of soil organic matter and variable-charge clays. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. pp. 69-95.
Okalebo, J. R., Gathua, K. W. and Womer, P. L. 2002. Laboratory methods of soil and plant analyses: a working manual, 2nd Edn. TSBF –CIAT and SACRED Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
Olowolafe, E. A. 2004. An evaluation of soil fertility indicators using soil survey data on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8 (2): 54-61.
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F.S., and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodiumbicarbonate. USD Acircular, 939: 1-19.
Rowell, D. L. 1994. Soil science: Methods and applications. Longman group UK Limited.
Roy, R., Misra, R., Lesscheen, P., and Smaling, M. 2003. Assessment of soil nutrient balance, approaches and methodologies. Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 14. FAO United Nations, Rome.
Saikh, H., Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. 1998a. Changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus levels due to deforestation and cultivation. A case study in Simplipal National Park, India. Plant and Soil, 198: 137-145.
Saikh, H., Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. 1998b. Effects of deforestation and cultivation on soil CEC and contents of exchangeable bases. A case study in Simplipal National Park, India. Plant and Soil, 204: 67-75.
Sanchez, P. A., Sheperd, K. D., Soul, M. J., Place, F. M., Buresh, R. J., Izac, A. M. N., Mokwunye, A. U, Kwesiga, F. R., Ndirtu, C. G., and Woomer, P. L. 1997. Soil fertility replenishment in Africa. An investment in natural resource capital. pp. 1-46. In: Buresh, R. J., Sanchez, P. A. and Calnoun, F. (Eds.). SSSA special publication No. 51. SSSA. Am. Soc. Argon. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp: 1-46
Sharma, V. K. and Anil, K. H. 2003. Characterization and classification of the soil of upper Maul Khad catchment in wet temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh. Agropedology, 13: 39-49
Singh, R. P. and Mishra, S. K. 2012. Available macro nutrients (N, P, K and S) in the soils of Chiraigaon Block of District Varanasi in relation to soil characteristics. Indian Journal of Science Research, 3 (1): 97-100.
Sitanggang, M., Rao, Y. S., Ahmed N. and Mahapatra, S. K. 2006. Characterization and classification of soils in watershed area of Shikohpur, Gurgaon district, Haryana. Journal of Indian Society Soil Science, 54: 106-110.
Solomon Dawit, Fritzsche, F., Tekaligne Mamo, Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. 2002. Soil organic matter dynamics in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands: Evidence from natural 13C abundance and particle-size fractionation. Journal of Soil Science Society of America, 66: 969-978.
Steven, C., Laura, E., Pauline, M., Richard, P. and Don, Y. 2012. The relationships between land management practices and soil condition and the quality of ecosystem services delivered from agricultural land in Australia. Kiri-ganai Research Pty Ltd. Pp. 4.
Tekalign Tadese. 1991. Soil, plant, water, fertilizer, animal manure and compost analysis. Working Document No. 13. International Livestock Research Center for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Teklu Erkossa, Suwanarit, A., Osotsapar, Y. and Sarobol, E. 2003. Status of Mn and Fe in agricultural soils of Western Ethiopia: Laboratory Assessment. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science, 37 (3): 296-306.
Thangasamy, A., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam, N. and Reddy, R. C. 2005. Characterization, classification and evaluation of soil resources in Sivagiri micro-watershed of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh for sustainable land use planning. Journal of Indian Society Soil Science, 53: 11-21.
Tuma Ayele. 2007. Effect of Fruit Based Land Use Systems on Soil Physicochemical Properties: The Case of Smallholders Farming Systems in Gamo-Gofa, Southern Ethiopia. MS.c thesis, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Tuma Ayele, Tesema Tanto, Mekonen Ayana. 2013. Rating and correlating physicochemical properties of EutricVertisols in Abaya Chamo Lake basin, South-west Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4 (5): 3559-3568.
Van Reeuwijk, L. P. 1993. Procedure for Soil Analysis. 4th Edn. International Soil Reference Center Wageningen (ISRIC) Technical Paper No. 9. The Netherlands.
Wajahat, N., Sajida, P. and Iftikhar, S. 2006. Status of Micronutrients in Soils of District Bhimber (Azad Jammu and Kashmir). Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1 (2): 35-40
Wakene Negassa and Heluf Gebrekidan. 2003. Forms of phosphorus and status of available nutrients under different land use systems of Alfisols in Bako area, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Natural Resources, 5 (1): 17-37.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the digestion method for determining soilorganicmatterandaproposedmodificationofthechromicacidtitrationmethod. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Wondimagegne Chekol and Abere Mnalku. 2012. Selected Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soils of the Middle Awash Irrigated Farm Lands, Ethiopia. Ethiopia Journal of Agricultural Science, 22: 127-142.
Yifru Abera and Taye Belachew. 2011. Local Perceptions of Soil Fertility Management in Southeastern Ethiopia. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 1 (2): 64-69.
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