Sun-Dried Bovine Rumen Content (SDRC) as an Ingredient of a Ration for White Leghorn Layers
January 1, 2016
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Abstract: Due to increasing price of conventional feeds, alternative locally available non-conventional feed ingredient is required for layers’ production. Rumen contents are abundantly available as slaughterhouse by-product and mainly considered as waste material creating environmental pollution. Therefore, a study was conducted for 90 days to evaluate effects of sun-dried rumen content (SDRC) inclusion in layer rations on egg laying performance, egg quality parameters, fertility, and hatchability, chick quality and blood parameters. Treatment diets contained T1, T2, T3, and T4 at 0, 5, 10, and 15 percent SDRC, respectively. On chemical analysis, the rumen content contained 11.18% crude protein, 1.22% ether extract, 22.99% crude fibre, 21.54% ash and 1099.32 cal/kg of DM of metabolizable energy. The daily DM intake value increased (P < 0.05) with the increase in level of rumen content. The bird fed with 10 percent SDRC diet had a high DM intake. The weight gain and egg production of the laying hens reduced significantly (P < 0.05) as the level of rumen content increased. The average egg weight increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase in the level of rumen content. The feed to gain ratio increased as the level of rumen content increased in the diet. The hen fed T2 (5 percent SDRC) had the best feed to gain ratio. Most external and internal egg quality parameters, especially yolk color, were improved when the diet contained sun-dried rumen content (SDRC). Fertility, hatchability, early and mid embryonic mortality showed no significant differences among treatments. However, chick quality parameters increased (P < 0.05) with the increase in the level of rumen content. Mortality rate was not influenced by treatments. All blood parameters studied were within the normal range. It is concluded that under the condition of this experiment, diets up to 10% SDRC in the ration did not affect DMI, daily weight gain, egg production performances and blood parameters in white leghorn layers.
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Keywords: White leghorns; SDRC; Egg mass; Egg quality; Fertility; Hatchability
Gebrehawariat, E., G. Animut, M. Urge, and Y. Mekasha. “Sun-Dried Bovine Rumen Content (SDRC) As an Ingredient of a Ration for White Leghorn Layers”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 29-40, doi:10.20372/eajs.v10i1.318.
References
AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists). 2000. Approved Methods. St. Paul.
Abdel-Hakim N. F., Lashin M. E., AI-Azab A. A. and Nazim H. M. 2008. Effect of replacing soybean meal with other plant protein sources on protein and energy utilization and carcass composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 8th International symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture.
Abiola, S. S., Meshioye, O. O., Oyerinde, B. O. and Bamgbose, M. A. 2008. Effect of egg size on hatchability of broiler chicks. Arch. Zootec., 57 : 83-86.
Abouheif, M. A., Kraidees, M. S. and Al-Selbood, B. A. 1999. The utilization of rumen content-barley meal in diets of growing lambs. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., 12 : 1234- 1240.
Adeniji A. A. 1995. The value of bovine blood-rumen content meal as a feedstuff for pullets. PhD Thesis, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Adeniji, A. A. 2008. The feeding value of rumen content-maggot meal mixture in the diets of early weaned piglets. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 3 (2) : 115-119
Adeniji, A. A. and Balogun, O. O. 2002. Utilization of flavour treated blood-rumen content mixture in the diets of laying hens. Nig. J. Anirn. Prod., 29 : 34-39.
Adesola, A. A., Ng’ambi, J. W. and Norris, D. 2012. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation level to diets of indigenous Venda hens on egg production, hatchability and subsequent productivity of chicks. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11 : 12606-12611.
Agbabiaka, L. A., Arnadi, S. A, Oymloye, G. O. M., Adedokun, I .I. and Ekeocha, C. A. 2011. Growth Response of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) to Dried Rumen Digesta as a Dietary supplement. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10 (6): 564-567.
Agbabiaka, L. A., Madubuike, F. N. and Amadi, S. A. 2012. Studies on Nutrients and Anti-Nutrients of Rumen Digesta from Three Most Domesticated Ruminants in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11 (7) : 580-582
Awotoye, A. V. 1991. The effect of molasses on the ultilazation of Rumen content. B. Agric Project. Subrrnuted Lu the Department of Animal Production University of Ilorin.
Brown, L. and Pentland S. 2007. Health infertility organization: Male infertility-improving sperm quality. Acubalance Wellness Centre Ltd. Vancouver, Canada.
Butcher, G. D. 2009. A systematic approach to solving hatchability and chick quality problems. University of Florida, Institute of food and agricultural sciences (IFAS), #VM136.
Cherdthong, A., Wanapat M., Saenkamsorn A. and Waraphila N. 2014. Dried Rumen Digesta as an Alternative Protein Feedstuff for Thai Native Cattle Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Colette, N. T. N., Fotsa, J. C., Etchu, K. A. and Ndamukong, K. J. N. 2013. Effects of dried rumen content and castor oil seed cake diets on haematological indices, serum biochemistry and organoleptic properties of broiler birds. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (9) : 120-125
Dacie, S. I. V. and Lewis, S. M. 1991. Practical haematology (7th Edn.) J and A Churchill Ltd. Livingston, London, Melbourne and New York.
Dairo, F. A. S., Aina, O. O. and Asafa, A. R. 2005. Performance evaluation of growing rabbits fed varying levels of rumen content and blood rumen content mixture. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 32 (1) : 67-72.
Deaton, J. W., Kubena, L. F. Reece, F. N. and Lott, B. D. 1977. Effect of dietary fibre on the performance of laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 18 : 711–714.
Durmus, I., Atasoglu, C., Mizrak, C., Ertas, S. and Kaya, M. 2004. Effect of increasing zinc concentration in the diets of Brown parent stock layers on various production and hatchability traits. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf, 5 : 483-489.
Esonu, B. O., Ogbonna, U. D., Anyanwu, G. A., Emenalom, O. O., Uchegbu, M. C., Etuk, E. B. and Udedibie, A. B. I. 2006. Evaluation of performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broiler finisher fed dried rumen digesta. International J. Poult. Sci., 5 (12) : 1116-1118.
Fakhraeri, J., Loutfollahian, H., Shivazad, M., Chamani, M. and Hoseini, S. A. 2010. Revalation of lysine requirement based on performance responses in broiler breeder hens. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (16) : 2137-2142.
FAO (Food and Agriculture organization). 1980. Soils bulletin 38/1. Soil and plant testing analysis, 230 pp.
Gabreil, M., Babatunde, B. and Fetuga, L. 2006. Effects of different dietary oils superimposed on different dietary protein levels on the laying performance, egg weights, fertility and hatchability in the tropical environment. J. Sci. of Food and Agri., 27: 54-62.
Hocking, P., Bernard, M. R. and Robertson, G. W. 2002. Effect of low dietary protein and allocation of food during rearing and restricted feeding after peak egg rate of lay on egg production, fertility and hatchability of female broiler breeder. British. Poultry. Science, 54 : 94-103.
Hunton, P. 1995. Egg production, processing and marketing. In: World Poultry Science, Elsevier, Tokyo. pp 457-480.
Javanovic, M. and Cuperlovic, M. 1977. Nutritive value of rumen contents for monogastric animals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2 : 351-360.
Leeson, S. and Summers, J. D. 2001. The Nutrition of Chicken. 2nd ed. University Books, Guelph, Canada. 355p.
Lewko, L. and Ornowiez, E. G. 2009. Egg albumen quality as affected by bird origion. Jornal of Centera I European Agriculture, 10 (4) : 399-409
Mahmood, H. M. A. and Al-Daraji, H. J. 2011. Effect of dietary supplementation with different level of zinc on sperm egg penetration and fertility traits of broiler breeder chicken. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 1083-1088.
Malago, J. J. and Baitilwake, M. A. 2009. Egg traits, fertility, hatchability and chick survivability of Rhode Island Red, local and crossbred chickens. Tanzan. Vet. J., 26. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/tvj. v26i1.49230.
North, M. O. 1984. Breeder Management. In Commercial Chicken Production manual. The Avi. Publishing Company. Inc. Westport, pp: 240-243, 298-321.
NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. In: Leeson, S. and Summer, J. D. (Eds.). Nutrition of the Chicken 4thed. University Books, Canada, 167p.
Odunsi, A. A., Ogunleke, M. O., Alagbe, O. S. and Ajani, T. O. 2002. Effect of feeding Gliricidia Sepium leaf meal on the performance and egg quality of layers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 1 (1) : 26-28.
Okpanachi, U., Aribido, S. O. and Daikwo, I. S. 2010. Growth and Haematological response of growing rabbits to diets containing graded kevels of sun dried bovine rumen content. African J. Food Agri. Nutr. Dev’t., 10 (11) : 4444-4457.
Park, S. Y., Birkhold, S. G., Kubena, L. F., Nisbet, D. J. and Ricke, S. C. 2004. Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on molt induction, organs and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens. Poult. Sci., 83 : 24-33
Rasyid, S. B., Liwa, A. M., Rotib, L. A., Zakaria, Z. and Waskito, W. M. 1981. The use of rumen content as a part of poultry base feed substitute on broiler chicken performance. Universitas Hasanuddin. Ujung Pandang.
Ricci, R. 1977. A method of manure disposal for a beef packaging operation. First Interim Tech. Rep., EPA 600/2-77-103
Rios, R. F. G., Bermudez-Hurtado, R. M. and Estrada-Angulo, A. 2010. Dried Ruminal Contents as a Substitute for Alfalfa Hay in Growing-Finishing Diets for Feedlot Cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (10) : 1526-1530.
Sakunthala, D. E. and Reddy, P. M. 2004. Effect of strain on physical egg quality characteristics in White leghorn layers. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 39 : 190-192.
Salinas-Chavira, J., Dominguez-Mufioz, M. and Bernal-Lorenzo, I. R. 2007. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Diets with Pig Manure and Rumen Contents. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6 (4) : 505-508.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2002. Version 9.1.3 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Schalm, O. W., Dauglas, W. J. and Wardrop, K. J. 2010. Veterinary Hematology, Sixth edition, Blackwell publishing Ltd. Pp. 965
Sekerodlu, A. and Ebubekir, A. 2009. Effect of egg weight on egg quality characteristics. JSFA, 89 : 379-383
Smith, A. J. 1996. Poultry. Macmillan Education Ltd, London and Oxford. pp.130.
Sonaiya, E. S. 1989. Animal by-product and their potential for commercial livestock feed production. In: Babatude, G. M. (Ed.) Proc, Nat. workshop alternative formulation of livestock feed in Nigeria, ARMTI Ilorin, 21-25 Nov. 1988, Economic affairs office, the presidency, pp. 289-231.
Standelman, W. J. and Cotterill O. J. 1986. Egg science and technology. 3rd Edn. New York: Food Products Press. 499p.
Suk, Y. O. and Park, C. 2001. Effect of breed and age of hens on the yolk to albumen ratio in two different genetic stocks. Poultry Science, 80 : 855-858.
Tadelle, D. 1997. The Role of Scavenging Poultry in Integrated Farming Systems in Ethiopia Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Wiseman, L. 1987. Feeding of Non-Ruminant Livestock. Butterworth and C. Ltd. 370 p.
Wizna, H. A., Yose, R., Abdi, D. and Putu Kompiang, I. 2008. Improving the Quality of Sago Pith and Rumen Content Mixture as Poultry Feed Through Fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7 (2) : 249-254.
AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists). 2000. Approved Methods. St. Paul.
Abdel-Hakim N. F., Lashin M. E., AI-Azab A. A. and Nazim H. M. 2008. Effect of replacing soybean meal with other plant protein sources on protein and energy utilization and carcass composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 8th International symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture.
Abiola, S. S., Meshioye, O. O., Oyerinde, B. O. and Bamgbose, M. A. 2008. Effect of egg size on hatchability of broiler chicks. Arch. Zootec., 57 : 83-86.
Abouheif, M. A., Kraidees, M. S. and Al-Selbood, B. A. 1999. The utilization of rumen content-barley meal in diets of growing lambs. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., 12 : 1234- 1240.
Adeniji A. A. 1995. The value of bovine blood-rumen content meal as a feedstuff for pullets. PhD Thesis, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Adeniji, A. A. 2008. The feeding value of rumen content-maggot meal mixture in the diets of early weaned piglets. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 3 (2) : 115-119
Adeniji, A. A. and Balogun, O. O. 2002. Utilization of flavour treated blood-rumen content mixture in the diets of laying hens. Nig. J. Anirn. Prod., 29 : 34-39.
Adesola, A. A., Ng’ambi, J. W. and Norris, D. 2012. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation level to diets of indigenous Venda hens on egg production, hatchability and subsequent productivity of chicks. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11 : 12606-12611.
Agbabiaka, L. A., Arnadi, S. A, Oymloye, G. O. M., Adedokun, I .I. and Ekeocha, C. A. 2011. Growth Response of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) to Dried Rumen Digesta as a Dietary supplement. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10 (6): 564-567.
Agbabiaka, L. A., Madubuike, F. N. and Amadi, S. A. 2012. Studies on Nutrients and Anti-Nutrients of Rumen Digesta from Three Most Domesticated Ruminants in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11 (7) : 580-582
Awotoye, A. V. 1991. The effect of molasses on the ultilazation of Rumen content. B. Agric Project. Subrrnuted Lu the Department of Animal Production University of Ilorin.
Brown, L. and Pentland S. 2007. Health infertility organization: Male infertility-improving sperm quality. Acubalance Wellness Centre Ltd. Vancouver, Canada.
Butcher, G. D. 2009. A systematic approach to solving hatchability and chick quality problems. University of Florida, Institute of food and agricultural sciences (IFAS), #VM136.
Cherdthong, A., Wanapat M., Saenkamsorn A. and Waraphila N. 2014. Dried Rumen Digesta as an Alternative Protein Feedstuff for Thai Native Cattle Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Colette, N. T. N., Fotsa, J. C., Etchu, K. A. and Ndamukong, K. J. N. 2013. Effects of dried rumen content and castor oil seed cake diets on haematological indices, serum biochemistry and organoleptic properties of broiler birds. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (9) : 120-125
Dacie, S. I. V. and Lewis, S. M. 1991. Practical haematology (7th Edn.) J and A Churchill Ltd. Livingston, London, Melbourne and New York.
Dairo, F. A. S., Aina, O. O. and Asafa, A. R. 2005. Performance evaluation of growing rabbits fed varying levels of rumen content and blood rumen content mixture. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 32 (1) : 67-72.
Deaton, J. W., Kubena, L. F. Reece, F. N. and Lott, B. D. 1977. Effect of dietary fibre on the performance of laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 18 : 711–714.
Durmus, I., Atasoglu, C., Mizrak, C., Ertas, S. and Kaya, M. 2004. Effect of increasing zinc concentration in the diets of Brown parent stock layers on various production and hatchability traits. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf, 5 : 483-489.
Esonu, B. O., Ogbonna, U. D., Anyanwu, G. A., Emenalom, O. O., Uchegbu, M. C., Etuk, E. B. and Udedibie, A. B. I. 2006. Evaluation of performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broiler finisher fed dried rumen digesta. International J. Poult. Sci., 5 (12) : 1116-1118.
Fakhraeri, J., Loutfollahian, H., Shivazad, M., Chamani, M. and Hoseini, S. A. 2010. Revalation of lysine requirement based on performance responses in broiler breeder hens. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (16) : 2137-2142.
FAO (Food and Agriculture organization). 1980. Soils bulletin 38/1. Soil and plant testing analysis, 230 pp.
Gabreil, M., Babatunde, B. and Fetuga, L. 2006. Effects of different dietary oils superimposed on different dietary protein levels on the laying performance, egg weights, fertility and hatchability in the tropical environment. J. Sci. of Food and Agri., 27: 54-62.
Hocking, P., Bernard, M. R. and Robertson, G. W. 2002. Effect of low dietary protein and allocation of food during rearing and restricted feeding after peak egg rate of lay on egg production, fertility and hatchability of female broiler breeder. British. Poultry. Science, 54 : 94-103.
Hunton, P. 1995. Egg production, processing and marketing. In: World Poultry Science, Elsevier, Tokyo. pp 457-480.
Javanovic, M. and Cuperlovic, M. 1977. Nutritive value of rumen contents for monogastric animals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2 : 351-360.
Leeson, S. and Summers, J. D. 2001. The Nutrition of Chicken. 2nd ed. University Books, Guelph, Canada. 355p.
Lewko, L. and Ornowiez, E. G. 2009. Egg albumen quality as affected by bird origion. Jornal of Centera I European Agriculture, 10 (4) : 399-409
Mahmood, H. M. A. and Al-Daraji, H. J. 2011. Effect of dietary supplementation with different level of zinc on sperm egg penetration and fertility traits of broiler breeder chicken. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 1083-1088.
Malago, J. J. and Baitilwake, M. A. 2009. Egg traits, fertility, hatchability and chick survivability of Rhode Island Red, local and crossbred chickens. Tanzan. Vet. J., 26. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/tvj. v26i1.49230.
North, M. O. 1984. Breeder Management. In Commercial Chicken Production manual. The Avi. Publishing Company. Inc. Westport, pp: 240-243, 298-321.
NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. In: Leeson, S. and Summer, J. D. (Eds.). Nutrition of the Chicken 4thed. University Books, Canada, 167p.
Odunsi, A. A., Ogunleke, M. O., Alagbe, O. S. and Ajani, T. O. 2002. Effect of feeding Gliricidia Sepium leaf meal on the performance and egg quality of layers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 1 (1) : 26-28.
Okpanachi, U., Aribido, S. O. and Daikwo, I. S. 2010. Growth and Haematological response of growing rabbits to diets containing graded kevels of sun dried bovine rumen content. African J. Food Agri. Nutr. Dev’t., 10 (11) : 4444-4457.
Park, S. Y., Birkhold, S. G., Kubena, L. F., Nisbet, D. J. and Ricke, S. C. 2004. Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on molt induction, organs and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens. Poult. Sci., 83 : 24-33
Rasyid, S. B., Liwa, A. M., Rotib, L. A., Zakaria, Z. and Waskito, W. M. 1981. The use of rumen content as a part of poultry base feed substitute on broiler chicken performance. Universitas Hasanuddin. Ujung Pandang.
Ricci, R. 1977. A method of manure disposal for a beef packaging operation. First Interim Tech. Rep., EPA 600/2-77-103
Rios, R. F. G., Bermudez-Hurtado, R. M. and Estrada-Angulo, A. 2010. Dried Ruminal Contents as a Substitute for Alfalfa Hay in Growing-Finishing Diets for Feedlot Cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (10) : 1526-1530.
Sakunthala, D. E. and Reddy, P. M. 2004. Effect of strain on physical egg quality characteristics in White leghorn layers. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 39 : 190-192.
Salinas-Chavira, J., Dominguez-Mufioz, M. and Bernal-Lorenzo, I. R. 2007. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Diets with Pig Manure and Rumen Contents. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6 (4) : 505-508.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2002. Version 9.1.3 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Schalm, O. W., Dauglas, W. J. and Wardrop, K. J. 2010. Veterinary Hematology, Sixth edition, Blackwell publishing Ltd. Pp. 965
Sekerodlu, A. and Ebubekir, A. 2009. Effect of egg weight on egg quality characteristics. JSFA, 89 : 379-383
Smith, A. J. 1996. Poultry. Macmillan Education Ltd, London and Oxford. pp.130.
Sonaiya, E. S. 1989. Animal by-product and their potential for commercial livestock feed production. In: Babatude, G. M. (Ed.) Proc, Nat. workshop alternative formulation of livestock feed in Nigeria, ARMTI Ilorin, 21-25 Nov. 1988, Economic affairs office, the presidency, pp. 289-231.
Standelman, W. J. and Cotterill O. J. 1986. Egg science and technology. 3rd Edn. New York: Food Products Press. 499p.
Suk, Y. O. and Park, C. 2001. Effect of breed and age of hens on the yolk to albumen ratio in two different genetic stocks. Poultry Science, 80 : 855-858.
Tadelle, D. 1997. The Role of Scavenging Poultry in Integrated Farming Systems in Ethiopia Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
Wiseman, L. 1987. Feeding of Non-Ruminant Livestock. Butterworth and C. Ltd. 370 p.
Wizna, H. A., Yose, R., Abdi, D. and Putu Kompiang, I. 2008. Improving the Quality of Sago Pith and Rumen Content Mixture as Poultry Feed Through Fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7 (2) : 249-254.
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