Response of Common Bean Cultivars to Phosphorus Application in Southern Ethiopia
January 1, 2015
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Abstract: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food crop in Southern Ethiopia. However, the productivity of the crop is constrained by low soil fertility, particularly, phosphorus deficiency due to soil acidity. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to study the response of the crop to phosphorus application on Nitisols at Areka Agricultural Research Centre and Kokate research station in southern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of three common bean cultivars (Hawassa-Dume, Nasir, and Red-Wolaita) and five phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg P2O5 ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement and replicated three times per treatment. Analysis of the data indicated that the main effects of cultivar and phosphorus significantly (P < 0.05) influenced grain yield, number of pods per plant, seed weight, leaf area index, and above-ground dry biomass yield. The interaction effects of cultivar and phosphorus rate also significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the number of pods produced per plant at one location (Areka). At Areka, Nasir produced a significantly higher grain yield (2504.8kg ha-1) than Hawassa-Dume (1951 kg ha-1)and Red-Wolita(2198 kg ha-1). However, at Kokate, the grain yields of the three common bean cultivars were in statistical parity. Application of 69 and 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in the optimum grain yields of the crop at Areka (2498 kg ha-1) and Kokate (2219 kg ha-1), respectively. The results of the economic analysis indicated that cultivar Nasir produced the highest net benefit (15903 Birr ha-1). It could, thus, be concluded that cultivating Nasir at the rates of 69 P2O5 ha-1 at Areka and 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 at Kokate is most economical for smallholder farmers in the study area.
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Keywords: Biomass yield; Economic analysis; Grain yield; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Shanka, D., N. Dechassa, and S. Gebeyehu. “Response of Common Bean Cultivars to Phosphorus Application in Southern Ethiopia”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 49-60, doi:10.20372/eajs.v9i1.258.
Abay Ayalew. 2011. The Influence of Applying Lime and NPK Fertilizers on Yield of Maize and Soil Properties on Acid Soil of Areka, Southern Region of Ethiopia. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, 2 (7): 33 - 42.
Abay Ayalew and Tesfaye Dejene. 2011. Integrated Application of Compost and Inorganic Fertilizers for Production of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Angacha and Kokate in Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 1 (2): 15.
Abayneh Esayas, Demeke Taffesse, Gebeyehu Belay and Kebede Agazie. 2003. Soils of Areka Agricultural Research Center, National Soil Research Center (NSRC). Technical Paper No.77.
Ali, A. M., Tahir, M. and Sohail, R. 2002. Production Potential of Mash Bean Genotypes in Response to Phosphorus Application. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4 (3): 355 - 356.
Birhan Abdulkadir. 2006. Response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to nitrogen, phosphorus and inoculation of Rhizobium Leguminosarum on yield and yield components at Melkassaâ€, M.Sc. Thesis, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Bouycous G. H., 1951. A reclamation of hydrometer for making mechanical Analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43: 434 - 438.
Bray, R. H and Kurtz, L. T. 1945. Determination of Total Organic and Available Phosphorus in soils. Soil Science Journal, 59: 39 - 45.
Bremner, J. M. 1965. Total Nitrogen. pp. 119-178. In C. A. Black (eds.), Method of soil analysis, Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Broughton, W. J. Hern´andez, G., Blair, M., Beebe, S., Gepts, P. and Vanderleyden, J. 2003. Beans (Phaseolus spp.)-model food legumes. Plant and Soil, 252: 55 - 128.
Butraa, T. Growth and carbon partitioning of two genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown with low phosphorus availability. Eur-Asian Journal of Bio Sciences, 3: 17 - 24.
Chopra, S. H. and J. S. Kanwar, 1976. Analytical Agricultural Chemistry. Kalyani publisher Ldiana, New Delhi.
CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). 1988. From Agronomic Data to farmer Recommendations. An economic Training Manual completely revised edition. Mexico, D. F.
Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendations. FAO soil bulletin 38/2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). 2013. Key findings of the 2012/2013 (2005 E. C.) Agricultural Sample Surveys. CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fageria, N. K. 2009. The use of nutrients in crop plants. Taylor and Francis Group, London.9pp.
Fageria, N. K., 2002. Nutrient management for sustainable dry bean production in the tropics.
Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., Moreira, A. and Portes, T. A. 2010. Dry bean Genotypes evaluation for growth, yield component and Phosphorus use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33 (14): 2167 - 2181.
Fageria, N. K. and Costa, D. J. G. 2000. Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 23 (8): 1145 -1152.
Fageria, N. K. Baligar, V. C. Jones, C. A. 2011. Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops.3rdedition. Taylor and Francis, New York.
Fageria, N. K., Moreira, A. and Coelho, A. M. 2012.Nutrient Uptake in Dry Bean Genotypes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43 (17): 2289 - 2302.
Fairhurst, T., Lefroy, R. Mutret, E. and Batjes, N. 1999. The importance, distribution and causes of Phosphorus deficiency as a constraint to crop production in the tropics. Agroforestry Forum: (9) (4): 2 - 8.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2006. World reference base for soil resources: A framework for international classification, correlation and communication. World soil resources reports, 103.
Ferris, S. and Kaganzi, E. 2008. Evaluating marketing opportunities for haricot beans in Ethiopia.IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 7. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Frehiwot Mulugeta. 2010. Profile of Haricot bean production, supply, demand and marketing issues in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Authority, Addis Ababa.
Fujita, K., Chaudhary, M. I., Fujita, Kai, A. Y. Takayanagi, M. Sherry, H. El and Adu-Gyamfi J. J. 1999. Photosynthesized carbon translocation and distribution of crops adapted to low-nutrient environments. In: Adu-Gyamfi, J. J. (ed.). Food security in nutrient-stressed environments, exploiting plants' genetic capabilities: summary and recommendations of an International Workshop, 27-30 Sep 1999, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India (in En). Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).
Getachew Agegnehu, Taye Bekele and Agaje Tesfaye, 2005. Phosphorus Fertilizer and Farmyard Manure Effects on the growth and Yield of Faba Bean and Some Soil Chemical Properties in Acidic Nitosols of the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. of Natural Resources 7 (1): 23 - 39.
Gifole Gidago, Sheleme Beyene, Walelign Worku. 2011. The Response of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Phosphorus Application on Ultisols at Areka, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 1 (3): 38 - 49.
Gobeze Loha and Legese Hidoto. 2015. Evaluation of common bean varieties at phosphorus deficient and sufficient condition in southern Ethiopia. AshEse Journal of Agricultural Science, 1 (4): 20 - 27.
Gomez K. A. and Gomez A. A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, pp 328 - 332.
Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B. 2007. Interpreting soil test results: What do all the numbers mean? 2nd Edition.CSIRO Publishing. 152p.
Horst, W. J., Abdou, M. and Wiesler, F. 1993. Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat. Plant and Soil, 156: 293 - 296.
Katungi, F., Mutuoki, E. A. T., Setegn Gebeyehu, Karanja, D., Fistum Alemayehu, Sperling, L., Beebe, S. Rubyogo, J. C. and Buruchara, R. 2010. Improving common bean productivity: An Analysis of socioeconomic factors in Ethiopia and Eastern Kenya. Baseline Report Tropical legumes II. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. Cali, Colombia.
Kochian, L. V., Hoekenga, O. A. and Pineros, M. A. 2004. How do Crop Plants Tolerate Acid Soils? Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance and Phosphorous Efficiency. Annual Review Plant Biology, 55: 459 - 93.
Korkmaz, K., Ibrikci, H., Karnez, E., Buyuk, G., Ryan, J., Oguz, H. and Ulger, A. C. 2010. Responses of wheat genotypes to phosphorus fertilization under rainfed conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Academic Journals, 5 (16): 2304-2311.
Kouas, Saber. Labidi, N., Debez, A., Abdelly, C. 2005. Effect of P on nodule formation and N fixation in bean. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 25 (3): 389-393.
Landon, J.R. 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual: A hand book for soil survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, New York. 474p.
Lunze, L., Abang, M. Buruchara, M. R., Ugen, M. A., Nabahungu, N. L., Rachier, G., Ngongo, O. M. and Rao, I. 2012. Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Bean-Based Cropping Systems of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Soil Fertility Improvement and Integrated Nutrient Management. In Whalen J. (ed.). Soil fertility management-A Global Perspective. 240 - 272. InTech: Rijeka, Crotia.
Lynch, J.P. and Brown, K.M. 2001.Top soil foraging–an architectural adaptation of plants to low phosphorus Availability. Plant and Soil, 237: 225 - 237.
Magani, I.E. and Kuchinda, C. 2009. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on growth, yield and crude protein content of cowpea (Vignaunguiculata [L.]Walp) in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 23: 1387 - 1393.
Mahamood, J., Abayomi, Y. A. and Aduloju, M. O. 2009. Comparative growth and grain yield responses of soybean genotypes to phosphorous fertilizer application. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (6): 1030 - 1036.
Malik, M. A., Sham, S. H., Saleem, M. F., Jami, M. S. 2002. Determining Suitable Stand Density and Phosphorus Level for Improving Productivity of Rice Bean (Vignaum bellata). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4 (1): 120 - 122.
Meseret Turuko, Amin Mohammed. 2014. Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Dry Matter Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (3): 88 - 92.
Mesfin Abebe. 2007. Nature and Management of Acid Soils in Ethiopia.
Mesfin Kassa, Belay Yebo, Abera Habte. 2014. The Response of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties to Phosphorus Levels on Nitosols at Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Greener Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 2 (4): 82 - 87.
MOARD (Minstry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2008. Crop Development .Issue No.11. Addis Ababa.
Olivera, M. Tejera, N. Iribarne, C. Ocan, A. and Lluch, C. 2004. Growth, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimilation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): effect of phosphorus. Physiologia Plantarum, 121: 498 - 505.
Rafat, M. and Sharifi, P. 2015. The Effect of Phosphorus on Yield and Yield Components of Green Bean. Journal of Soil and Nature, 8 (1): 9 - 13.
Raghothama, K. G. 1999. Phosphate Acquisition. Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 665 - 693.
Rowell, D. L., 1994. Soil science: Methods & Applications. Addison Wesley Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd., England, UK.
Salcedo, J. M. 2008. Regeneration guidelines: common bean. In: Dulloo M. E., ThormannI., Jorge M. A. and Hanson J., (ed.). pp. 1 - 9. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM].CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Institute, 2004.SAS/STAT user’s guide.Proprietary software version 9.00. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Shen, J. Yuan, L., Zhang, J. Li, H., Bai, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, W. and Zhang, F. 2011. Phosphorus Dynamics: From Soil to Plant. Plant Physiology, 156: 997-1005.Tiessen H., 2008. Phosphorus in the Global Environment. In: P. J. White and J. P. Hammond (eds.). The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions.Springer.
Sinclair, T. R. and Vadez, V. 1999. Physiological traits for crop improvement in low-nutrient environments: The crop physiologists' view in Adu-Gyamfi, J. J. (ed.). 1999. Food security in nutrient-stressed environments, exploiting plants' genetic capabilities: summary and recommendations of an International Workshop, 27-30 September 1999, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India (in En). Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 148 pp.
Sofi, P. A., Zargar, M. Y. Debouck, D. and Graner, A. 2011. Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Germplasm Under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir Valley. Journal of Phytology, 3 (8): 47 - 52.
Sulieman, S. A. and Hago, T. E. M. 2009. The Effects of Phosphorus and Farmyard Manure on Nodulation and Growth Attributes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Shambat Soil under Irrigation. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5 (4): 458 - 464.
Tiessen H. 2008. Phosphorus in the Global Environment. In: P. J. White and J. P. Hammond (eds.). The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions. Springer.
Tolera Abera, Daba Feyissa and Hasan Yusuf. 2005. Effects of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Grain Yield of Maize-Climbing Bean Intercropping and Soil Fertility in Western Oromiya, Ethiopia , Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, October 11-13, Stuttgart-Hohenheim.
Vance, C. P., Uhde-Stone, C. and Allan, D. L. 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist, 157: 423 - 447.
Vesterager, J. M., Nielsen, N. E. and Høgh-Jensen, H. 2006.Variation in Phosphorus Uptake and Use Efficiencies between Pigeonpea Genotypes and Cowpea. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 29(10): 1869 - 1888.
Walkley, A and C. A. Black, 1934. An experimentation of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and the proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29 - 38.
Wortmann, C. S., Kirkby, R. A. Eledu, C. A. and Allen, D. J. 2004. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).Atlas of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Africa.
Zafar, M., Abbasi, M. K. and Khaliq, A. 2013. Effect of Different Phosphorus Sources on the Growth, Yield, Energy Content and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency in Maize at Rawalako Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36: 1915 - 1934.
Abay Ayalew and Tesfaye Dejene. 2011. Integrated Application of Compost and Inorganic Fertilizers for Production of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Angacha and Kokate in Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 1 (2): 15.
Abayneh Esayas, Demeke Taffesse, Gebeyehu Belay and Kebede Agazie. 2003. Soils of Areka Agricultural Research Center, National Soil Research Center (NSRC). Technical Paper No.77.
Ali, A. M., Tahir, M. and Sohail, R. 2002. Production Potential of Mash Bean Genotypes in Response to Phosphorus Application. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4 (3): 355 - 356.
Birhan Abdulkadir. 2006. Response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to nitrogen, phosphorus and inoculation of Rhizobium Leguminosarum on yield and yield components at Melkassaâ€, M.Sc. Thesis, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Bouycous G. H., 1951. A reclamation of hydrometer for making mechanical Analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43: 434 - 438.
Bray, R. H and Kurtz, L. T. 1945. Determination of Total Organic and Available Phosphorus in soils. Soil Science Journal, 59: 39 - 45.
Bremner, J. M. 1965. Total Nitrogen. pp. 119-178. In C. A. Black (eds.), Method of soil analysis, Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Broughton, W. J. Hern´andez, G., Blair, M., Beebe, S., Gepts, P. and Vanderleyden, J. 2003. Beans (Phaseolus spp.)-model food legumes. Plant and Soil, 252: 55 - 128.
Butraa, T. Growth and carbon partitioning of two genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown with low phosphorus availability. Eur-Asian Journal of Bio Sciences, 3: 17 - 24.
Chopra, S. H. and J. S. Kanwar, 1976. Analytical Agricultural Chemistry. Kalyani publisher Ldiana, New Delhi.
CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). 1988. From Agronomic Data to farmer Recommendations. An economic Training Manual completely revised edition. Mexico, D. F.
Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendations. FAO soil bulletin 38/2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). 2013. Key findings of the 2012/2013 (2005 E. C.) Agricultural Sample Surveys. CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fageria, N. K. 2009. The use of nutrients in crop plants. Taylor and Francis Group, London.9pp.
Fageria, N. K., 2002. Nutrient management for sustainable dry bean production in the tropics.
Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., Moreira, A. and Portes, T. A. 2010. Dry bean Genotypes evaluation for growth, yield component and Phosphorus use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33 (14): 2167 - 2181.
Fageria, N. K. and Costa, D. J. G. 2000. Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 23 (8): 1145 -1152.
Fageria, N. K. Baligar, V. C. Jones, C. A. 2011. Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops.3rdedition. Taylor and Francis, New York.
Fageria, N. K., Moreira, A. and Coelho, A. M. 2012.Nutrient Uptake in Dry Bean Genotypes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43 (17): 2289 - 2302.
Fairhurst, T., Lefroy, R. Mutret, E. and Batjes, N. 1999. The importance, distribution and causes of Phosphorus deficiency as a constraint to crop production in the tropics. Agroforestry Forum: (9) (4): 2 - 8.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2006. World reference base for soil resources: A framework for international classification, correlation and communication. World soil resources reports, 103.
Ferris, S. and Kaganzi, E. 2008. Evaluating marketing opportunities for haricot beans in Ethiopia.IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 7. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Frehiwot Mulugeta. 2010. Profile of Haricot bean production, supply, demand and marketing issues in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Authority, Addis Ababa.
Fujita, K., Chaudhary, M. I., Fujita, Kai, A. Y. Takayanagi, M. Sherry, H. El and Adu-Gyamfi J. J. 1999. Photosynthesized carbon translocation and distribution of crops adapted to low-nutrient environments. In: Adu-Gyamfi, J. J. (ed.). Food security in nutrient-stressed environments, exploiting plants' genetic capabilities: summary and recommendations of an International Workshop, 27-30 Sep 1999, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India (in En). Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).
Getachew Agegnehu, Taye Bekele and Agaje Tesfaye, 2005. Phosphorus Fertilizer and Farmyard Manure Effects on the growth and Yield of Faba Bean and Some Soil Chemical Properties in Acidic Nitosols of the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. of Natural Resources 7 (1): 23 - 39.
Gifole Gidago, Sheleme Beyene, Walelign Worku. 2011. The Response of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Phosphorus Application on Ultisols at Areka, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 1 (3): 38 - 49.
Gobeze Loha and Legese Hidoto. 2015. Evaluation of common bean varieties at phosphorus deficient and sufficient condition in southern Ethiopia. AshEse Journal of Agricultural Science, 1 (4): 20 - 27.
Gomez K. A. and Gomez A. A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, pp 328 - 332.
Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B. 2007. Interpreting soil test results: What do all the numbers mean? 2nd Edition.CSIRO Publishing. 152p.
Horst, W. J., Abdou, M. and Wiesler, F. 1993. Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat. Plant and Soil, 156: 293 - 296.
Katungi, F., Mutuoki, E. A. T., Setegn Gebeyehu, Karanja, D., Fistum Alemayehu, Sperling, L., Beebe, S. Rubyogo, J. C. and Buruchara, R. 2010. Improving common bean productivity: An Analysis of socioeconomic factors in Ethiopia and Eastern Kenya. Baseline Report Tropical legumes II. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. Cali, Colombia.
Kochian, L. V., Hoekenga, O. A. and Pineros, M. A. 2004. How do Crop Plants Tolerate Acid Soils? Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance and Phosphorous Efficiency. Annual Review Plant Biology, 55: 459 - 93.
Korkmaz, K., Ibrikci, H., Karnez, E., Buyuk, G., Ryan, J., Oguz, H. and Ulger, A. C. 2010. Responses of wheat genotypes to phosphorus fertilization under rainfed conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Academic Journals, 5 (16): 2304-2311.
Kouas, Saber. Labidi, N., Debez, A., Abdelly, C. 2005. Effect of P on nodule formation and N fixation in bean. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 25 (3): 389-393.
Landon, J.R. 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual: A hand book for soil survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, New York. 474p.
Lunze, L., Abang, M. Buruchara, M. R., Ugen, M. A., Nabahungu, N. L., Rachier, G., Ngongo, O. M. and Rao, I. 2012. Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Bean-Based Cropping Systems of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Soil Fertility Improvement and Integrated Nutrient Management. In Whalen J. (ed.). Soil fertility management-A Global Perspective. 240 - 272. InTech: Rijeka, Crotia.
Lynch, J.P. and Brown, K.M. 2001.Top soil foraging–an architectural adaptation of plants to low phosphorus Availability. Plant and Soil, 237: 225 - 237.
Magani, I.E. and Kuchinda, C. 2009. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on growth, yield and crude protein content of cowpea (Vignaunguiculata [L.]Walp) in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 23: 1387 - 1393.
Mahamood, J., Abayomi, Y. A. and Aduloju, M. O. 2009. Comparative growth and grain yield responses of soybean genotypes to phosphorous fertilizer application. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (6): 1030 - 1036.
Malik, M. A., Sham, S. H., Saleem, M. F., Jami, M. S. 2002. Determining Suitable Stand Density and Phosphorus Level for Improving Productivity of Rice Bean (Vignaum bellata). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4 (1): 120 - 122.
Meseret Turuko, Amin Mohammed. 2014. Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Dry Matter Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (3): 88 - 92.
Mesfin Abebe. 2007. Nature and Management of Acid Soils in Ethiopia.
Mesfin Kassa, Belay Yebo, Abera Habte. 2014. The Response of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties to Phosphorus Levels on Nitosols at Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Greener Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 2 (4): 82 - 87.
MOARD (Minstry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2008. Crop Development .Issue No.11. Addis Ababa.
Olivera, M. Tejera, N. Iribarne, C. Ocan, A. and Lluch, C. 2004. Growth, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimilation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): effect of phosphorus. Physiologia Plantarum, 121: 498 - 505.
Rafat, M. and Sharifi, P. 2015. The Effect of Phosphorus on Yield and Yield Components of Green Bean. Journal of Soil and Nature, 8 (1): 9 - 13.
Raghothama, K. G. 1999. Phosphate Acquisition. Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 665 - 693.
Rowell, D. L., 1994. Soil science: Methods & Applications. Addison Wesley Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd., England, UK.
Salcedo, J. M. 2008. Regeneration guidelines: common bean. In: Dulloo M. E., ThormannI., Jorge M. A. and Hanson J., (ed.). pp. 1 - 9. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM].CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Institute, 2004.SAS/STAT user’s guide.Proprietary software version 9.00. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Shen, J. Yuan, L., Zhang, J. Li, H., Bai, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, W. and Zhang, F. 2011. Phosphorus Dynamics: From Soil to Plant. Plant Physiology, 156: 997-1005.Tiessen H., 2008. Phosphorus in the Global Environment. In: P. J. White and J. P. Hammond (eds.). The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions.Springer.
Sinclair, T. R. and Vadez, V. 1999. Physiological traits for crop improvement in low-nutrient environments: The crop physiologists' view in Adu-Gyamfi, J. J. (ed.). 1999. Food security in nutrient-stressed environments, exploiting plants' genetic capabilities: summary and recommendations of an International Workshop, 27-30 September 1999, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India (in En). Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 148 pp.
Sofi, P. A., Zargar, M. Y. Debouck, D. and Graner, A. 2011. Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Germplasm Under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir Valley. Journal of Phytology, 3 (8): 47 - 52.
Sulieman, S. A. and Hago, T. E. M. 2009. The Effects of Phosphorus and Farmyard Manure on Nodulation and Growth Attributes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Shambat Soil under Irrigation. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5 (4): 458 - 464.
Tiessen H. 2008. Phosphorus in the Global Environment. In: P. J. White and J. P. Hammond (eds.). The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions. Springer.
Tolera Abera, Daba Feyissa and Hasan Yusuf. 2005. Effects of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Grain Yield of Maize-Climbing Bean Intercropping and Soil Fertility in Western Oromiya, Ethiopia , Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, October 11-13, Stuttgart-Hohenheim.
Vance, C. P., Uhde-Stone, C. and Allan, D. L. 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist, 157: 423 - 447.
Vesterager, J. M., Nielsen, N. E. and Høgh-Jensen, H. 2006.Variation in Phosphorus Uptake and Use Efficiencies between Pigeonpea Genotypes and Cowpea. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 29(10): 1869 - 1888.
Walkley, A and C. A. Black, 1934. An experimentation of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and the proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29 - 38.
Wortmann, C. S., Kirkby, R. A. Eledu, C. A. and Allen, D. J. 2004. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).Atlas of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Africa.
Zafar, M., Abbasi, M. K. and Khaliq, A. 2013. Effect of Different Phosphorus Sources on the Growth, Yield, Energy Content and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency in Maize at Rawalako Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36: 1915 - 1934.
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