Importance of Loose Smut [Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup] of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia
January 1, 2015
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Abstract: Barley occupies 10.72, 7.23 and 5.78% of the total land allocated for cereal crops in South Gondar, West Gojam and Awi Zones, respectively. This contributes to 9.19, 5.29 and 3.58% of the total cereal crop production in each zone, respectively. However, barley production has been constrained by different biotic and abiotic factors, of which loose smut [Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup] is the major biotic factor in the study areas. This piece of work was carried out to assess the level of loose smut incidence at field and on farmers’ saved barley seeds. The field survey was done by randomly taking barley fields to determine the loose smut incidence level in the three zones of western Amhara Region (Awi, South Gondar and West Gojam) during the 2014 main cropping season. The seed health test on randomly taken farmers’ saved barley seeds was conducted following the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) 2014 rules. It was found that a minimum incidence of 1.17 to 2.00% and maximum incidence ranging from 4.04 to 10.64% occurred at field level, whereas seeds collected from these zones for embryo test in the laboratory showed the minimum seed infection of 8.35% and maximum infection of 25.65%. It can be concluded that loose smut infection rates in the surveyed areas were high. Hence, selecting disease-free barley seeds and screening resistant varieties together with seed treatments with selected fungicides need to be promoted to tackle loose smut and to sustain barley production.
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Keywords: Barley; Hordeum vulgare; Loose Smut; Seed Treatment; Ustilago nuda
Zegeye, W., M. Dejene, and D. Ayalew. “Importance of Loose Smut [Ustilago Nuda (Jensen) Rostrup] of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) in Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 31-40, doi:10.20372/eajs.v9i1.256.
Agrawal, V. K., H. S. Verma, M. Agrawal and R. K. Gupta. 1984. Studies on loose smut of wheat. I. A simplified procedure for the detection of seedborne infection. Seed Research 9: 72 - 78.
Atkin, I. N., O. G. Markle, K. B. Proter, K. A. Lahr and D. E. Weibel. 1963. The influence of environment on loose smut percentage, re-infection and grain yields on winter wheat at four locations of Texas. Plant Disease Reporter 47: 92 - 96.
Bailey, K. L., B. D. G., R. K. Gugel and R. A. A. Morrall. 2003. Diseases of field crops in Canada. The Canadian Phytopathological Society, 37 - 38.
Bekele Hundie, Hailu Tefera, Melkamu Ayalew, Mesele Alemu and Y. S. Paul. 1994. Management of loose smut and leaf stripe of barley using seed dressing fungicides. pp. 14 - 15. In: Crop Protection Society of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Berhanu Bekele, Fekadu Alemayehu and Berhane Lakew. 2005. Food barley in Ethiopia. pp. 53 - 82. In: Grando, S., Gomez Macpherson H (eds). Food barley: importance, uses, and local knowledge. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Food Barley Improvement, 14 - 17 January 2002, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo.
Bilgrami, K. S. and H. C. D. 2001. A textbook of modern plant pathology. pp. 226 - 243. Vikas Publication New Delhi.
Cockerell, V. and W. J. Rennie. 1995. Survey of seed-borne pathogens in certified and farm saved seed in Britain between 1992 and 1994. Home-Grown Cereals Authority Project Report No. 124. London: Home-Grown Cereals Authority.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). 2013. Agricultural Sample Survey. Volume III. Report on Area and Production (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season). Addis Ababa.
Dean, W. M. 1969. The effect of temperature on loose smut of wheat (Ustilago nuda).Annals of Applied Biology 64: 75 - 83.
Eshetu Bekele. 1986. A review of research on disease of barley, teff and wheat in Ethiopia. pp 79 - 108, In: Tsedeke Abate (ed.). Proceedings of the Review of Crop Protection Research in Ethiopia. Institute of Agricultural Research, 4 - 7 February 1985, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Eticha, F., W. Sinebo and H. Grausgruber. 2010. On-farm diversity and characterization of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces in the highlands of West Shewa, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 8: 25 - 34.
Goel, L. B., D. P. Singh, V. C. Sinha, S. Amerika, K. P. Singh, A. N. Tewari, M. S. Beniwal, S. S. Karwasra, S. S. Aujla and A. S. Grawal. 2001. Efficacy of Raxil (tebuconazole) for controlling the loose smut of wheat caused by Ustilago segetum var. tritici. Indian Phytopathology 54 (2): 270 - 271.
Gothewel, B. D. 1972. Effect of loose smut on the growth and morphology of spring wheats. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 2: 171.
IPM (Integrated Pest Management). 1990. Loose smut of wheat. Reports on Plant Disease. RPD No. 112. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association). 2014. International Rules for Seed Testing. Annex to Chapter 7 Seed Health Testing. Seed Health Testing Methods. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
Kuma Berhanu, Shenkut Ayele, Tilaye Teklewolde and Yalembirhan Molla. 2011. Achievements in barley technology transfer and extension in Ethiopia. Barley Research and Development in Ethiopia, 377.
Lakew Brehane, Yitbarek Semeane, Fekadu Alemayehu, Hailu Gebre, S. Grando, J. A. G. van Leur and S. Ceccarelli. 1997. Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 44: 109 - 116.
Menzies, J. G., G. H. and F. M.. 1997. Incidence and severity of cereal smuts in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 1996. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 77: 58.
MoA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1998. Agricultural productivity report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
NAE (National Atlas of Ethiopia), 1984. Ethiopian mapping agency. Addis Ababa., Ethiopia.
Paveley, N., W. Rennie, J. Reeves, M. Wray, D. Slawson, W. Clark, V. Cockerell and A. Mitchell, 1996. Cereal seed health and seed treatment strategies. Home Grown Cereals Authority.
Punithalingam, E. and J. M. Waterston. 1970. Ustilago nuda. CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, 2pp.
Rennie, W. J. 1982. ISTA Handbook on Seed Health Testing. Barley loose smut. Working Sheet. ISTA Secretariat, Zürich, Switzerland, pp.6.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems). 2002. SAS/STAT User’s guide, Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Thomas, P. L. 2011a. The occurrence of loose smut of barley on commercially-grown cultivars possessing genes for resistance from Jet. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 453 - 456.
Thomas, P. L. 2011b. Barley smuts in Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, 1972-74. Canadian Plant Disease Survey. 54: 124 - 128.
Vánky, K. 1994. European Smut Fungi. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 570 pp.
Vavilov, N. I. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Chronological Botany 13: 1 - 366.
Verma, H. S., A. Singh, and V. K. Agrawal. 1984. Application of seedling crown test for screening of systemic fungicides against loose smut of wheat. Seed Research 12: 56 - 60.
Yilma Kebede and Abebe Menkir. 1987. Current activities and recommendations and future strategies of the sorghum improvement program in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the 19th National Crop Improvement Conference, IAR., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Yitbarek Semeane, Bekele Hunde, Getaneh Woldeab and Dereje Tadesse. 1996. Disease surveys and loss assessment studies on barley. pp. 105-115. In: Hailu Gebre and J. A. G. van Leur (eds.). Barley Research in Ethiopia: Past Work and Future Prospects. Proceedings of the 1st Barley Research Review Workshop, 16-19 October 1993, Addis Ababa. IAR/ICARDA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Zemede Asfaw. 1989. Relationships between spike morphology, Hordeins and altitude within Ethiopian barley. Hereditas, 110, 203 - 209.
Atkin, I. N., O. G. Markle, K. B. Proter, K. A. Lahr and D. E. Weibel. 1963. The influence of environment on loose smut percentage, re-infection and grain yields on winter wheat at four locations of Texas. Plant Disease Reporter 47: 92 - 96.
Bailey, K. L., B. D. G., R. K. Gugel and R. A. A. Morrall. 2003. Diseases of field crops in Canada. The Canadian Phytopathological Society, 37 - 38.
Bekele Hundie, Hailu Tefera, Melkamu Ayalew, Mesele Alemu and Y. S. Paul. 1994. Management of loose smut and leaf stripe of barley using seed dressing fungicides. pp. 14 - 15. In: Crop Protection Society of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Berhanu Bekele, Fekadu Alemayehu and Berhane Lakew. 2005. Food barley in Ethiopia. pp. 53 - 82. In: Grando, S., Gomez Macpherson H (eds). Food barley: importance, uses, and local knowledge. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Food Barley Improvement, 14 - 17 January 2002, Hammamet, Tunisia. ICARDA, Aleppo.
Bilgrami, K. S. and H. C. D. 2001. A textbook of modern plant pathology. pp. 226 - 243. Vikas Publication New Delhi.
Cockerell, V. and W. J. Rennie. 1995. Survey of seed-borne pathogens in certified and farm saved seed in Britain between 1992 and 1994. Home-Grown Cereals Authority Project Report No. 124. London: Home-Grown Cereals Authority.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). 2013. Agricultural Sample Survey. Volume III. Report on Area and Production (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season). Addis Ababa.
Dean, W. M. 1969. The effect of temperature on loose smut of wheat (Ustilago nuda).Annals of Applied Biology 64: 75 - 83.
Eshetu Bekele. 1986. A review of research on disease of barley, teff and wheat in Ethiopia. pp 79 - 108, In: Tsedeke Abate (ed.). Proceedings of the Review of Crop Protection Research in Ethiopia. Institute of Agricultural Research, 4 - 7 February 1985, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Eticha, F., W. Sinebo and H. Grausgruber. 2010. On-farm diversity and characterization of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces in the highlands of West Shewa, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 8: 25 - 34.
Goel, L. B., D. P. Singh, V. C. Sinha, S. Amerika, K. P. Singh, A. N. Tewari, M. S. Beniwal, S. S. Karwasra, S. S. Aujla and A. S. Grawal. 2001. Efficacy of Raxil (tebuconazole) for controlling the loose smut of wheat caused by Ustilago segetum var. tritici. Indian Phytopathology 54 (2): 270 - 271.
Gothewel, B. D. 1972. Effect of loose smut on the growth and morphology of spring wheats. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 2: 171.
IPM (Integrated Pest Management). 1990. Loose smut of wheat. Reports on Plant Disease. RPD No. 112. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association). 2014. International Rules for Seed Testing. Annex to Chapter 7 Seed Health Testing. Seed Health Testing Methods. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
Kuma Berhanu, Shenkut Ayele, Tilaye Teklewolde and Yalembirhan Molla. 2011. Achievements in barley technology transfer and extension in Ethiopia. Barley Research and Development in Ethiopia, 377.
Lakew Brehane, Yitbarek Semeane, Fekadu Alemayehu, Hailu Gebre, S. Grando, J. A. G. van Leur and S. Ceccarelli. 1997. Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 44: 109 - 116.
Menzies, J. G., G. H. and F. M.. 1997. Incidence and severity of cereal smuts in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 1996. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 77: 58.
MoA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1998. Agricultural productivity report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
NAE (National Atlas of Ethiopia), 1984. Ethiopian mapping agency. Addis Ababa., Ethiopia.
Paveley, N., W. Rennie, J. Reeves, M. Wray, D. Slawson, W. Clark, V. Cockerell and A. Mitchell, 1996. Cereal seed health and seed treatment strategies. Home Grown Cereals Authority.
Punithalingam, E. and J. M. Waterston. 1970. Ustilago nuda. CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, 2pp.
Rennie, W. J. 1982. ISTA Handbook on Seed Health Testing. Barley loose smut. Working Sheet. ISTA Secretariat, Zürich, Switzerland, pp.6.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems). 2002. SAS/STAT User’s guide, Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Thomas, P. L. 2011a. The occurrence of loose smut of barley on commercially-grown cultivars possessing genes for resistance from Jet. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 453 - 456.
Thomas, P. L. 2011b. Barley smuts in Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, 1972-74. Canadian Plant Disease Survey. 54: 124 - 128.
Vánky, K. 1994. European Smut Fungi. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 570 pp.
Vavilov, N. I. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Chronological Botany 13: 1 - 366.
Verma, H. S., A. Singh, and V. K. Agrawal. 1984. Application of seedling crown test for screening of systemic fungicides against loose smut of wheat. Seed Research 12: 56 - 60.
Yilma Kebede and Abebe Menkir. 1987. Current activities and recommendations and future strategies of the sorghum improvement program in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the 19th National Crop Improvement Conference, IAR., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Yitbarek Semeane, Bekele Hunde, Getaneh Woldeab and Dereje Tadesse. 1996. Disease surveys and loss assessment studies on barley. pp. 105-115. In: Hailu Gebre and J. A. G. van Leur (eds.). Barley Research in Ethiopia: Past Work and Future Prospects. Proceedings of the 1st Barley Research Review Workshop, 16-19 October 1993, Addis Ababa. IAR/ICARDA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Zemede Asfaw. 1989. Relationships between spike morphology, Hordeins and altitude within Ethiopian barley. Hereditas, 110, 203 - 209.
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