Determining Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolour (L. Moench)] Grains of Selected Early Maturing Varieties Produced in Hararghe Zones, Ethiopia
Downloads
Background: The high postharvest losses of sorghum reported in Hararghe Zones demand intervention
through using technologies. Selection of design, improvement, and utilization of postharvest equipment
depend on grain physical and mechanical property information of the concerned specific crop type and variety.
However, this information is lacking for sorghum varieties produced in Hararghe Zones of Ethiopia.
Objective: The aim the study was to generate data on physical and mechanical properties of grains of selected
sorghum varieties.
Materials and Methods: Three early (Makko, Malkam, and Qaqqaba) and one late maturing (Muyra) sorghum
varieties were selected. Factorial combination of 4 × 6 treatments levels was adapted with different replications
as recommended for every specific parameter. The grain size, shape, weight, volume, baulk density, true
densities, porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, and hardness were among variables studied.
Descriptive statistics and ANOVA models were used for data analysis.
Results: Means of the studied properties were found significantly different (P < 0.01) among the varieties and
for variation of the moisture levels. The grains size, weight, porosity, coefficient of friction, and angle of repose
were increased, while densities, hardness, and work of deformation were decreased with increase in moisture.
The bulk and true densities were decreased from 0.910±0.05 and 1.38±0.08 g cm‒3 to 0.673±0.06 and
1.08±0.06 g cm‒3, respectively with a moisture increase from 10% to 20%.
Conclusion: The study indicated large variations for the treatments used. The entire means of grain major
diameters and coefficient of friction increased from 4.24±0.25 to 5.65±0.31 mm and from 0.412 to 0.598,
respectively, while breakage forces decreased from 182.5±22.19 to 79.68±10.48 N for a moisture increase from
10% to 20%. Differences in the means of grain properties imply variability in design and adjustment
specifications of postharvest implements needed for management of different sorghum varieties at different
moisture levels.
Adinoyi, H., Ajeigbe, I., Angarawai, I. and Kunihya, A.
Effect of grain moisture content on the
physical properties of some selected sorghum
varieties. International Journal of Scientific and
Engineering Research, 8(6): 1796‒805.
Afeworki Hagos and Firezer Girma. 2022. Understanding
sorghum farming system and its implication for
future research strategies in humid agro-ecologies
in Western Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Food
Research, 10: 1‒11.
ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineering).
Standard moisture determination: Standard
S352.2(DEC
-moisture
unground
grain
measurements
and
seeds.
http://engineering.purdue.edu/~abe305/moistur
e/html/page12.htm. Accessed on 21 June 2021.
Belay Gezahegn. 2017. Determining the physio-chemical
Compositions of recently improved and released
sorghum varieties of Ethiopia. Journal of Food and
Nutrition Sciences (Special Issue), 5(1): 1‒5.
Birhanu Atomsa, Yetenayet Bekele, Abebe Fanta,
Solomon Abera and Sirawdink Fikireyesus. 2024.
Assessment of on-farm sorghum grain loss under
farmers’ traditional postharvest practices in the
East Hararghe Lowlands of Ethiopia. International
Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 9(2):
–188.
Clara. W.M., Silvia, S., Kofi. A. and Guangxing, W. 2019.
A regional comparison of factors affecting global
sorghum production: The Case of North America,
Asia and Africa’s Sahel. Sustainability, 11: 2135.
Doi:10.3390/su11072135.
CSA (Central Statistics Agency). 2020. Agricultural
sampling survey 2019/20 on area and production.
Volume I, Statistical Bulletin 587. CSA, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp.137.
Elsa, G. and Luís, S. 2019. Seed volume dataset: An
ongoing inventory of seed size expressed by
volume. Data, 4(2): 1‒5.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 2017.
Postharvest loss assessment of maize, wheat,
sorghum and haricot bean. A Study conducted in
selected woredas of Ethiopia under the project
GCP/ETH/084/SWI.
Available
at
https://www.fao.org/Ethiopia/Baseline/PHL_f
ood_loss-assessment/report-25jan18/003/pdf.
Accessed on 15 March 2022.
Fayed, M.I., El-Shal, M.S. and Omar, O.A. 2020.
Determination of some apricot seed and kernel
physical and mechanical properties. Agricultural
Engineering International, 22(4): 229–237.
Fuad Abduselam, Samuel Tegene, Zeleqe Legese, Fikadu
Tadesse, Alemayehu Biri and Taye Tessema. 2018.
Evaluation of early maturing sorghum (Sorghum
bicolour (L.) Moench) varieties, for yield and yield
components in the Lowlands of Eastern Hararghe.
Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 8(1): 40
Gabrielly B.R., Osvaldo R., Daniel E., de Oliveira, C., Lígia,
C., Silva, de M. and Weder N.J. 2019. Mechanical
properties of grains sorghum subjected to
compression at different moisture contents. Journal
of Agricultural Science, 11(4): 279–287.
Gana, A.M., Peter, A.I, Gbabo, A. and Anuonye, J.C. 2014.
Effect of soaking on moisture: Dependent
mechanical properties of some selected grains
essential to design grain drinks processing
machine. African Journal of Agricultural Research,
(20): 1538–1542.
Gebeyehu Chala, Bulti Tesso, Dagnachew Lule and
Kebede Desalegn. 2019. Additive main effect and
multiplicative interactions and regression analysis
in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L). Moench) varieties.
Journal of Applied Bioscience, 136: 13877–13886.
Gely, M.C. and Pagano, A.M. 2017. Effect of moisture
content on engineering properties of sorghum
grains. Agricultural Engineering International, 19(2):
–209.
Getenet Bogale, Eskinder Getachew and Habtamu
Admassu. 2024. Investigation on physicochemical
properties and anti-nutritional content of the three
sorghum varieties grown in Ethiopia. Available at
Research
Square
(https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3893611/v1).
Accessed on 13 May 2024.
Gierz, Ł., Kolankowska, E., Markowski, P. and Koszela,
K. 2022. Measurements and analysis of the
physical properties of cereal seeds depending on
their moisture content to improve the accuracy of
DEM simulation. Applied Science, 12: 549–561.
Hengsdijk, H. and de Boer, W.J. 2017. Post-harvest
management and post-harvest losses of cereals in
Ethiopia. Food Security, 9: 945–958.
John, W. 2021. Grain sorghum: harvesting, drying, and
storing. Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin,
Department of Agriculture, The University of
Georgia, USA. Pp. 27.
Kenghe, R.N., Jadhav, M.S. and Nimbalkar, C.A. 2015.
Physical properties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.)
grains as a function of moisture content.
International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Research
Technology, 4(10): 496–504.
Khanahmadzadeh K., Goli, H. and Ghamari, S. 2021.
Moisture dependent physical properties of wild
safflower (Carthamus oxyacanthus) seeds. Agricultural
Engineering International, 23 (3): 201–210.
Kibar, B. and Kibar, H. 2017. Determination of the
nutritional and seed properties of some wild edible
plants consumed as vegetable in the Middle Black
Sea Region of Turkey. South African Journal of
Botany, 108: 117–125.
Krishnakumar, T. 2019. Engineering properties of
agricultural
materials.
13140/RG.2.2.20324.83842.
‒13.
DOI:
Larissa, K.M., Da Silva, J.H., Costa Silva, T.P., Resende, O.,
De Oliveira, D.E. and Costa, A.R. 2019.
Mechanical properties of saccharine sorghum
(Sorghum bicolour L. Moench) seeds. IDESIA (Chile),
(4): 11–17.
Masane, P.K., Mate, V.N., Borkar, P.A., Murumkar, R.P.,
Rajput, M.R. and Rathod. P.K. 2016. Physical
properties of tender sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.)
grains. Journal of Ready to Eat Food, 3(4): 51–54.
Mesresha Minuye and Belay Gezahegn. 2020.
Characterization of nutritional, antinutritional, and
mineral contents of thirty-five sorghum varieties
grown in Ethiopia. International Journal of Food
Science, 1155: 1–11.
Mohite, A.M. and Sharma. N. 2018. Drying behaviour and
engineering properties of lima beans. Agricultural
Engineering International, 20(3): 180–185.
Mohite, A.M., Sharma, N. and Mishra, A. 2019. Influence
of different moisture content on engineering
properties
of
tamarind seeds. Agricultural
Engineering International, 21(1): 220–224.
Muluken Gezahegn, Jemal Yousuf, Getachew Shambel,
Chanyalew Seyoum, Dereje Moges and Debbebe
Tolosa. 2021. Adoption of improved agricultural
technology and its impact on household income:
A propensity
scores
matching
estimation
in eastern Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security,
(5):1–12.
Nattapol, P. and Lamul, W. 2014. Effect of moisture
content on physical and aerodynamic properties of sorghum. Journal of Medical and Bioengineering, 3(3):
–170.
Negasa Fufa, Tekalign Zeleke and Belay Abate 2021.
Assessment of postharvest insect pests and post
harvest loss of grain sorghum in Ethiopia. Academic
Journal of Entomology, 14(1): 17–23.
Ribeiro, L., Taveira, J.H., Silva, P.C., Resende, O., Cabral,
D.E. and Costa A.R. 2019. Mechanical properties
of
saccharine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.
Moench)) seeds. IDESIA (Chile), 37(4): 11–17.
Sabar, S.S., Swain, S.K., Behera, D., Rayaguru, K.,
Mohapatra, A.K. and. Dash, A.K. 2020. Moisture
dependent physical and engineering properties of
sorghum. International Journal of Current Microbiology
and Applied Science, 9(8): 2365–2375.
Sarker, M.S., Hasan, S.M., Ibrahim, M.N., Aziz, N.A. and
Punan, M.S. 2017. Mechanical property and quality
aspects of rice dried in industrial dryers. Journal of
Food Science and Technology, 54: 4129–4134.
Sen, D.J., Nandi, K., Patra, F., Nandy, B., Bera, K. and
Mahanti, B. 2020. Angle of repose walks on its two
legs: Carr’s index and Hausner ratio. World Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(5): 1565
Simonyan, K.J., El-Okene, A.M. and Yiljep, Y.D. 2007.
Some physical properties of Samaru sorghum 17.
Agricultural Engineering International, 9: 1–15.
Surpam, T.B., Pardeshi. I.L. and Rokade, H.N. 2019.
Engineering properties of sorghum. International
Journal of Chemical Studies, 7(5): 108–110.
Swain, S.K., Jena, P.P., Sabar, S.S., Behera, D., Pattanaik,
R.R., et al. 2020. Studies on moisture dependent
strength properties of sorghum. International Journal
of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 9(8): 3887
Werkissa Yali and Temesgen Begna. 2022. Sorghum
breeding in Ethiopia: Progress, achievements and
challenges. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food
Technology, 8(1): 45–51.
Weronika, K., Andrzej, M., Robert, K., Patrycja, B.,
Katarzyna P., et al. 2020. Mechanical and
processing properties of Rice grains. Sustainability,
Copyright (c) 2024 Birhanu Atomsa Gurracho, Yetenayet Bekele Tola, Abebe Fanta Badie, Solomon Abera Habtegabriel, Sirawdink Fikreyesus Forsido
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- I warrant, on behalf of myself and my co-authors, that:
- the article is original, has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights;
- I am/we are the sole author(s) of the article and have full authority to enter into this agreement and in granting rights to Springer are not in breach of any other obligation;
- the article contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy;
- I/we have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the article. To my/our - and currently accepted scientific - knowledge all statements contained in it purporting to be facts are true and any formula or instruction contained in the article will not, if followed accurately, cause any injury, illness or damage to the user.
- I, and all co-authors, agree that the article, if editorially accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. If the law requires that the article be published in the public domain, I/we will notify Springer at the time of submission, and in such cases the article shall be released under the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver. For the avoidance of doubt it is stated that sections 1 and 2 of this license agreement shall apply and prevail regardless of whether the article is published under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 or the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver.
- I, and all co-authors, agree that, if the article is editorially accepted for publication in Haramaya Journals, data included in the article shall be made available under the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver, unless otherwise stated. For the avoidance of doubt it is stated that sections 1, 2, and 3 of this license agreement shall apply and prevail.
