System Productivity of Forage Legumes Intercropped with Maize and Performance of the Component Crops in Kombolcha, Eastern Ethiopia
June 1, 2013
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Bekele, G., K. Belete, and J. Sharma. “System Productivity of Forage Legumes Intercropped With Maize and Performance of the Component Crops in Kombolcha, Eastern Ethiopia”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, June 2013, pp. 99-108, doi:10.20372/eajs.v7i2.157.
Abdollah, J., Mohammadi Nasab, A. D., Javanshir, A., Moghaddam, M. and Janmohammadi, H. 2008. Forage yield and quality in intercropping of maize with different legumes as double cropped. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 7 (1): 163 - 166.
Abraha, L. 2013. The effect of intercropping maize with cowpea and lablab on crop yield. Herald Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Research 2(5): 156-170.
Aganga, A.A. and Tshwenyane, S.O. 2003. Lucerne, Lablab and Leucaena leucocephala forages: Production and utilization for livestock production. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2(2): 46-53.
Alemayehu, M. 1997. Conservation Based Forage Development. Sue Edwards and Solomon Tilahun (eds). Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu, M. 2004. Pasture and Forage Profiles of Ethiopia. Alemayehu Mengistu and Associates. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Amede, T. and Kirkby, R. 2004. Guidelines for integration of legume cover crops into the farming systems of East African Highlands. Pp 43-64, In: Bationo, A. Managing Nutrient Cycles to Sustain Soil Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Academic Science Publishers.
Amede, T., Agidew, B. and Opondo, C. 2005. Creating Niches for Integration of Green Manures and Risk Management through Growing Maize Cultivar Mixtures in Southern Ethiopian Hi-ghlands. Proceedings of African Crop Society, Part III. African Highlands Initiative (AHI). Working Paper No. 14. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Andrea, M.M. and Pablo, E.C. 1999. A tropical forage solution to poor quality ruminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livestock Research for Rural Development 1(2) 2. (http://www.lrrd.org/ lrrd11/2/colu112.htm). Accessed on July 8, 2011).
Anil, L., Park, J. and Phipps, R.H. 2000. The potential of forage-maize intercrops in ruminant nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 85:157-164.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th eds.), Washington DC, USA.
Azraf-ul-Haq, A., Ahimad, R., Naeem, M. and Tanveer, A. 2007. Performance of forage sorghum intercropped with forage legumes under different planting patterns. Pakistan Journal of Botany 39(2): 431-439.
Balearic, S.S. and Upadhaya, U.C. 1981. Crop geometry studies in sorghum in association withpigeon pea varieties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15 (11): 77.
Beets, W.C. 1982. Multiple Cropping and Tropical Farming Systems. Gower, London, Britain, and West Views Press, Colorado.
Berhanu, A. 2004. The effects of seed rates and stages of harvesting on forage yield quality of oats (Avena sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia villosa R.) mixture. M.Sc. Thesis, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), 2001. Annual report of Kombolcha Woreda Bureau of Agriculture. (Unpublished).
Chatterjee, B.N. and Maiti, S. 1984. Cropping system: theory and practice. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
Chemeda, F. 1997. Effects of planting pattern, relative planting date and intra-row spacing on a haricotbean/Maize intercrop. African Crop Science Journal 5 (1): 15-22.
Dawo, M.I., Wilkinson, J.M., Snders F.E.T. and Pilbeam, D.J. 2007. The yield and quality of fresh and ensiled plant material from intercropping maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 87: 1391-1399.
Diriba, G. and Lemma, G. 2002. Forage yield performance and the residual effect of undersown forage crops on maize grain and residue yields. In: Livestock in food security–roles and contributions. Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), 30-31 August 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Diriba, G., Lemma, G. and Adane, H. 2002. Grain and forage yield responses of maize genotypes intercropped with Lablab purpureus under Bako condition, Western Ethiopia. In: Livestock in Food Security–roles and Contributions. Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), 30-31 August 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Diriba, G., Tessema, Z., Shimelis, A., Demekash, A. and Senait, Y. 2001. Enhancing the Utilization of Maize as Food and Feed in Ethiopia: Availability, Limitations and Opportunities for Improvement. 2nd National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia. 12-16 November, 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Francis, C. A. 1986. Introduction: distribution and importance of multiple cropping. Pp 1–19, In Francis, C.A. ed. Multiple Cropping Systems. New York: Macmillan.
Getahun, L. 2008. Productive and economic performance of small ruminants in Town production systems of the Highlands of Ethiopia. Doctorial thesis. Hohenheim University. Cuvllier verlag, Gottingen, Germany.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research (2nd eds).John Wiley and Sons Inc. Inter Science Publications. New York.
Haque, I. 1984. Effect of intercropping lablab on dry matter, grain yield and crude protein of maize and sorghum. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Humphreys, L.R. 1995. Diversity of productivity of tropical legumes. In:.P.F. D'Mello and C. Devendra (eds.). Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition; JCAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Ibrahim, Y.M., Gaffar, M.O. and. Wahab, D.A.A. 1993. Intercropping of pioneer sorghum with Lablab purpureus (L) under irrigation at Shambat. Annals of Arid Zone 32 (3): 157-159.
Jackson, M.L. 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Constable & Co. Ltd. London4, UK.
Kassa, H. 2003. Livestock and livelihood security in the Highlands of Ethiopia. Implication for Research and Development. PhD Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Upsala, Sweden.
Kevin, L.A., Kenneth, A.A., Joseph, G.L. and Heathcliffe, R. 2008. Intercropping corn with lablab bean, velvet bean, and scarlet runner bean for forage. Crop Science Society of America 48:371-379.
Kikafunda, J., Tesfa B., T. E Mmbaga, T. E., and Assenga, R.H. 2001. Legume fallows for maize based cropping systems in East Africa: Screening legumes for adaptability, biomass and nitrogen production. The 7th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference 11-15 Feburary 2001.
Kimani, K., Gathua, K., Delu, R., Tanner, D.J. and Cadish, G. 1999. Effects of maize/bean intercropping, phosphorus and manure additions on maize production in the central Kenya highlands. In: CIMMYT and EARO. Maize production technology for the future: Challenges and opportunities: Proceedings of the 6th Eastern and South Africa Regional Maize Conference, 21-25 September, 1998. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Landon, J.R, 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Mead, R. and Willey, R.W. 1980. The concept of a “Land Equivalent Ratio†and advantages in yields from intercropping. Experimental Agriculture 16: 217-28.
Mohamed-Saleem, M.A. 1986. Integration of forage legumes into the cropping systems of Nigerian sub-humid zone. In: R. Von Kaufmann, S. Charter, and R. Blench (eds.). Livestock system research in Nigerian sub-humid Zone. Proceedings, ILCA/NAPRI Symposium, 29 October-2 November, 1984. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mpairwe, D.R., Sabiit, E.N., Ummuna, N.N., Tegegne, A. and Osuji, P. 2002. Effect of intercropping cereal crops with forage legumes and source of nutrients on cereal grain yield and dry matter yields. African Crop Science Journal 10 (1): 81-97.
Murphy, A. M. and Colucci, P. E. 1999. A tropical forage solution to poor quality ruminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livestock Research for Rural Development (11) 2:6. (http://www.cipav.org.co/ lrrd/index.html) (Accessed on 17 November 2009).
Nnadi, L.A. and Haque, I. 1986. Forage legume - cereal systems: Improvement of soil-fertility and agricultural production with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. In: Haque, I., Jutzi, S. and. Neate, R.J.H (eds). Potentials of forage legume in farming systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ofori, F. and Stern, W.R. 1987. Cereal/legume intercropping systems. Advances in Agronomy 41: 41-90.
Reddy, R.S. 2000. Principles of Crop Production. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-110002, India.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) Institute. 2004. SAS User Guides, Version 9.1.SAS Inc. Cary.North Carolina, USA.
Tessema, Z. 2001. Food and forage crops-based cropping systems research for sustainable crop/livestock production in Northwestern Ethiopia. Paper Presented in the 10th Biannual Conference of the Crop Science Society of Ethiopia. 19-21 June, 2001. EARO. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tessema, Z. and Demekash, A. 2001. Effect of growing annual forage legumes with maize and maize effect of growing annual forage legumes with maize and maize under sown forage production. 7th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 11-15 February, 2001. EARO. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tilahun, T. 2002. Effect of plant density and arrangement of component crops on productivity of maize/faba bean intercropping system. MSc.Thesis, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
Tsubo, M., Mukhala, E., Ogindo, O.H. and Walker, S. 2003. Productivity of maize/bean intercropping in semi-arid region of South Africa. South African Development Community 29(4): 386-387.
Ullah, A., Bhatti, M. A., Gurmani, Z. A. and Imran, M. 2007. Studies on planting patterns of maize (Zea mays L.) facilitating legumes intercropping. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 45(2):113-117.
Umunna, N.N., Osuji, P.O. and Nsahlai, I.V. 1997. Strategic supplementation of crossbred steers fed forages from cereal-legume cropping systems with cowpea hay. Journal of Applied Animal Research 11:169-182.
Willey, R.W. 1985. Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Experimental Agriculture 21:119-133.
Zhang, G, Yang, Z, Dong, S. 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research 124(1): 66-73.
Abraha, L. 2013. The effect of intercropping maize with cowpea and lablab on crop yield. Herald Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Research 2(5): 156-170.
Aganga, A.A. and Tshwenyane, S.O. 2003. Lucerne, Lablab and Leucaena leucocephala forages: Production and utilization for livestock production. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2(2): 46-53.
Alemayehu, M. 1997. Conservation Based Forage Development. Sue Edwards and Solomon Tilahun (eds). Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu, M. 2004. Pasture and Forage Profiles of Ethiopia. Alemayehu Mengistu and Associates. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Amede, T. and Kirkby, R. 2004. Guidelines for integration of legume cover crops into the farming systems of East African Highlands. Pp 43-64, In: Bationo, A. Managing Nutrient Cycles to Sustain Soil Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Academic Science Publishers.
Amede, T., Agidew, B. and Opondo, C. 2005. Creating Niches for Integration of Green Manures and Risk Management through Growing Maize Cultivar Mixtures in Southern Ethiopian Hi-ghlands. Proceedings of African Crop Society, Part III. African Highlands Initiative (AHI). Working Paper No. 14. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Andrea, M.M. and Pablo, E.C. 1999. A tropical forage solution to poor quality ruminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livestock Research for Rural Development 1(2) 2. (http://www.lrrd.org/ lrrd11/2/colu112.htm). Accessed on July 8, 2011).
Anil, L., Park, J. and Phipps, R.H. 2000. The potential of forage-maize intercrops in ruminant nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 85:157-164.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th eds.), Washington DC, USA.
Azraf-ul-Haq, A., Ahimad, R., Naeem, M. and Tanveer, A. 2007. Performance of forage sorghum intercropped with forage legumes under different planting patterns. Pakistan Journal of Botany 39(2): 431-439.
Balearic, S.S. and Upadhaya, U.C. 1981. Crop geometry studies in sorghum in association withpigeon pea varieties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15 (11): 77.
Beets, W.C. 1982. Multiple Cropping and Tropical Farming Systems. Gower, London, Britain, and West Views Press, Colorado.
Berhanu, A. 2004. The effects of seed rates and stages of harvesting on forage yield quality of oats (Avena sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia villosa R.) mixture. M.Sc. Thesis, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), 2001. Annual report of Kombolcha Woreda Bureau of Agriculture. (Unpublished).
Chatterjee, B.N. and Maiti, S. 1984. Cropping system: theory and practice. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
Chemeda, F. 1997. Effects of planting pattern, relative planting date and intra-row spacing on a haricotbean/Maize intercrop. African Crop Science Journal 5 (1): 15-22.
Dawo, M.I., Wilkinson, J.M., Snders F.E.T. and Pilbeam, D.J. 2007. The yield and quality of fresh and ensiled plant material from intercropping maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 87: 1391-1399.
Diriba, G. and Lemma, G. 2002. Forage yield performance and the residual effect of undersown forage crops on maize grain and residue yields. In: Livestock in food security–roles and contributions. Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), 30-31 August 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Diriba, G., Lemma, G. and Adane, H. 2002. Grain and forage yield responses of maize genotypes intercropped with Lablab purpureus under Bako condition, Western Ethiopia. In: Livestock in Food Security–roles and Contributions. Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), 30-31 August 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Diriba, G., Tessema, Z., Shimelis, A., Demekash, A. and Senait, Y. 2001. Enhancing the Utilization of Maize as Food and Feed in Ethiopia: Availability, Limitations and Opportunities for Improvement. 2nd National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia. 12-16 November, 2001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Francis, C. A. 1986. Introduction: distribution and importance of multiple cropping. Pp 1–19, In Francis, C.A. ed. Multiple Cropping Systems. New York: Macmillan.
Getahun, L. 2008. Productive and economic performance of small ruminants in Town production systems of the Highlands of Ethiopia. Doctorial thesis. Hohenheim University. Cuvllier verlag, Gottingen, Germany.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research (2nd eds).John Wiley and Sons Inc. Inter Science Publications. New York.
Haque, I. 1984. Effect of intercropping lablab on dry matter, grain yield and crude protein of maize and sorghum. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Humphreys, L.R. 1995. Diversity of productivity of tropical legumes. In:.P.F. D'Mello and C. Devendra (eds.). Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition; JCAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Ibrahim, Y.M., Gaffar, M.O. and. Wahab, D.A.A. 1993. Intercropping of pioneer sorghum with Lablab purpureus (L) under irrigation at Shambat. Annals of Arid Zone 32 (3): 157-159.
Jackson, M.L. 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Constable & Co. Ltd. London4, UK.
Kassa, H. 2003. Livestock and livelihood security in the Highlands of Ethiopia. Implication for Research and Development. PhD Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Upsala, Sweden.
Kevin, L.A., Kenneth, A.A., Joseph, G.L. and Heathcliffe, R. 2008. Intercropping corn with lablab bean, velvet bean, and scarlet runner bean for forage. Crop Science Society of America 48:371-379.
Kikafunda, J., Tesfa B., T. E Mmbaga, T. E., and Assenga, R.H. 2001. Legume fallows for maize based cropping systems in East Africa: Screening legumes for adaptability, biomass and nitrogen production. The 7th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference 11-15 Feburary 2001.
Kimani, K., Gathua, K., Delu, R., Tanner, D.J. and Cadish, G. 1999. Effects of maize/bean intercropping, phosphorus and manure additions on maize production in the central Kenya highlands. In: CIMMYT and EARO. Maize production technology for the future: Challenges and opportunities: Proceedings of the 6th Eastern and South Africa Regional Maize Conference, 21-25 September, 1998. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Landon, J.R, 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Mead, R. and Willey, R.W. 1980. The concept of a “Land Equivalent Ratio†and advantages in yields from intercropping. Experimental Agriculture 16: 217-28.
Mohamed-Saleem, M.A. 1986. Integration of forage legumes into the cropping systems of Nigerian sub-humid zone. In: R. Von Kaufmann, S. Charter, and R. Blench (eds.). Livestock system research in Nigerian sub-humid Zone. Proceedings, ILCA/NAPRI Symposium, 29 October-2 November, 1984. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mpairwe, D.R., Sabiit, E.N., Ummuna, N.N., Tegegne, A. and Osuji, P. 2002. Effect of intercropping cereal crops with forage legumes and source of nutrients on cereal grain yield and dry matter yields. African Crop Science Journal 10 (1): 81-97.
Murphy, A. M. and Colucci, P. E. 1999. A tropical forage solution to poor quality ruminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livestock Research for Rural Development (11) 2:6. (http://www.cipav.org.co/ lrrd/index.html) (Accessed on 17 November 2009).
Nnadi, L.A. and Haque, I. 1986. Forage legume - cereal systems: Improvement of soil-fertility and agricultural production with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. In: Haque, I., Jutzi, S. and. Neate, R.J.H (eds). Potentials of forage legume in farming systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ofori, F. and Stern, W.R. 1987. Cereal/legume intercropping systems. Advances in Agronomy 41: 41-90.
Reddy, R.S. 2000. Principles of Crop Production. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-110002, India.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) Institute. 2004. SAS User Guides, Version 9.1.SAS Inc. Cary.North Carolina, USA.
Tessema, Z. 2001. Food and forage crops-based cropping systems research for sustainable crop/livestock production in Northwestern Ethiopia. Paper Presented in the 10th Biannual Conference of the Crop Science Society of Ethiopia. 19-21 June, 2001. EARO. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tessema, Z. and Demekash, A. 2001. Effect of growing annual forage legumes with maize and maize effect of growing annual forage legumes with maize and maize under sown forage production. 7th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 11-15 February, 2001. EARO. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tilahun, T. 2002. Effect of plant density and arrangement of component crops on productivity of maize/faba bean intercropping system. MSc.Thesis, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
Tsubo, M., Mukhala, E., Ogindo, O.H. and Walker, S. 2003. Productivity of maize/bean intercropping in semi-arid region of South Africa. South African Development Community 29(4): 386-387.
Ullah, A., Bhatti, M. A., Gurmani, Z. A. and Imran, M. 2007. Studies on planting patterns of maize (Zea mays L.) facilitating legumes intercropping. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 45(2):113-117.
Umunna, N.N., Osuji, P.O. and Nsahlai, I.V. 1997. Strategic supplementation of crossbred steers fed forages from cereal-legume cropping systems with cowpea hay. Journal of Applied Animal Research 11:169-182.
Willey, R.W. 1985. Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Experimental Agriculture 21:119-133.
Zhang, G, Yang, Z, Dong, S. 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research 124(1): 66-73.
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