Effect of Urea and Lime Treatment on Chemical Composition, In vitro Digestibility, and In sacco Degradability of Sesame Straw
July 1, 2013
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Aregawi, T., G. Animut, K. Kebede, and H. Kassa. “Effect of Urea and Lime Treatment on Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility, and In Sacco Degradability of Sesame Straw”. East African Journal of Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, July 2013, pp. 77-84, doi:10.20372/eajs.v7i2.155.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official method of analysis, 15th edition. AOAC, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Arisoy, M. 1998. The effect of sodium hydroxide treatment on chemical composition and digestibility of straw. Tropical Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 22:165-170.
Asma, H., Hamed, M. and Mohamed, E. E. 2009. Effects of Rabaa ash alkali treatment of sesame straw on chemical composition and degradation in the rumen of Nubian goats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8(9): 1344-1348.
Chapman, H.D. 1965. Cation Exchange capacity by ammonium saturation. pp. 891- 901, In: C.A. Black (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Agron. Part II, No. 9, Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Chaudhry, A. S. 1998. In vitro and in sacco digestibility of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide alone or with hydrogen peroxide. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74: 301-313.
Chen, X. B. 1997. Neway Excel: A Utility for Processing Data of Feed Degradability and in vitro Gas Production (version 5.0). Rowett Research Institute, UK.
Cheng, K. J. and Hungate, R. E. 1976. Effect of alfalfa fiber substrate on culture counts of rumen bacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology 32: 649-652.
Chenost, M. 1995. Optimizing the Use of Poor Quality Roughage through Treatments and Supplementation in Warm Climate Countries with Particular Emphasis on Urea Treatment. First Electronic Conference on Tropical Feeds with Particular Emphasis on Urea Treatment. FAO, Rome.
Chenost, M. and Kayouli, C. 1997. Roughage Utilisation in Warm Climates. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 135, Rome.
Getahun, K. Y. 2006. Effect of urea treatment and leucaena leucocephala supplementation on the utilization of wheat straw by sheep. M. Sc. Thesis. Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
Hart, F. J. and Wanapat, M. 1992. Physiology of digestion of urea treated rice straw in swamp buffalo. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 5:617-622.
Kebreab, E., Smith, T., Tanner, J. and Osuji, P. 2005. Review of under nutrition in small holder ruminant production systems in the tropics. pp 3–95, In: Ayantunde, A. A., Fernandez-Rivera S., McCrabb G. (eds.). Coping with Feed Scarcity in Smallholder Livestock Systems in Developing Countries. Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands; University of Reading, Reading, UK; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland; and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Lu, C. D., Kawas, J. R. and Mahgoub, O. G. 2005. Fibre digestion and utilization in goats. Small Ruminant Research 60: 45-52.
Madrid, J. F., Hemandez, M., Pulgar, A. and Cid, J. M. 1997. In vivo digestibility of treated and untreated barley straw: results of direct and by difference digestibility trial. Animal Feed Science and Technology 65 (1/4): 129-138.
McDonald, I. 1981. A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science 96: 251-252.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Morgan, C. A. 2002. Animal Nutrition, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK.
MOA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1998. Agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. Natural Resources Management and Regulatory Department, MOA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 49p.
Moss, A. R., Givens, D. I. and Garnsworthy, P. C. 1994. Effect of alkali treatment of cereal straws on digestibility and methane production by sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49: 245-259.
NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Nutrient Requirement of Sheep, 6th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nurfeta, A., Tolera, A., Eik, L. O. and Sundstol, F. 2009. Feeding value of enset (Ensete ventricosum), Desmodium intortum hay and untreated or urea and calcium oxide treated wheat straw sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Nutrition 93: 94-104.
Orskov, E. R. and McDonald, I. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation in measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Animal Science 88: 645-650.
Osuji, P. O., Nsahlai, I. V. and Khalili, H. 1993. Feed evaluation. ILCA Manual 5. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 40p.
Perkin-Elmer, 1982. Perkin-Elmer AAS Manual (model 2380). Norwalk, Connecticut, USA.
Pradhan, R., Tobioka, H. and Tasaki, I. 1997. Effect of moisture content and different levels of additives on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw. Animal Science and Technology (Japan) 68: 273-284.
Preston, T. A. 1995. Tropical Animal Feeding. A Manual for Research Workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 126. Rome.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2002. SAS Version 9.1.3. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Silva, A. T. and Orskov, E. R. 1988. Fibre digestion in the rumen of animals receiving hay, untreated or ammonia treated straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology 19: 299-287.
Sirohi, S. K. and Rai, S. N. 1998. Optimization of treatment conditions of wheat straw with lime: Effect of concentration, moisture content and treatment time on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74: 57-62.
Sirohi, S. K. and Rai, S. N. 1999. Synergistic effect of lime and urea treatment of wheat straw on chemical composition, in sacco and in vitro digestibility. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 12: 1049-1053.
Sundstol, F. and Coxworth, E. M. 1984. Ammonia treatment. In: Sundstol F. and Owen E. (eds.). Straw and other fibrous by-products as feed. Elsevier, Amesterdam. pp 196-247.
Teferi, A., Getachew, A. and Habtemariam, K. 2013. Utilization and nutritive value of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) straw as feed for livestock in the Northwestern lowlands of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(7).
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of British Grassland Society 18: 108-112.
Trach, N. X., Mo, M. and Dan, C. X. 2001. Effects of treatment of rice straw with lime and/or urea on responses of growing cattle. Livestock Research for Rural Development 13(5).
Van Soest, P. J. and Robertson, J. B. 1985. Analysis of forage and fibrous foods. A laboratory manual for Animal science. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Wanapat, M., Chenost, M., Munoz, F. and Kayouli, C. 1996. Methods for improving the nutritive value of fibrous feed: treatment and supplementation. Annales de Zootechnie 45: 89-103.
Zaman, M. S. and Owen, F. 1995. Effect of calcium hydroxide and urea treatment of barley straw on chemical composition and digestibility in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 51: 165-171.
Zaman, M. S., Owen E. and Pike, D. J. 1994. The calculation method used for optimizing conditions of treatment of barley straw with calcium hydroxide and urea, moisture, treatment time and temperature on in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45: 271-282.
Arisoy, M. 1998. The effect of sodium hydroxide treatment on chemical composition and digestibility of straw. Tropical Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 22:165-170.
Asma, H., Hamed, M. and Mohamed, E. E. 2009. Effects of Rabaa ash alkali treatment of sesame straw on chemical composition and degradation in the rumen of Nubian goats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8(9): 1344-1348.
Chapman, H.D. 1965. Cation Exchange capacity by ammonium saturation. pp. 891- 901, In: C.A. Black (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Agron. Part II, No. 9, Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Chaudhry, A. S. 1998. In vitro and in sacco digestibility of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide alone or with hydrogen peroxide. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74: 301-313.
Chen, X. B. 1997. Neway Excel: A Utility for Processing Data of Feed Degradability and in vitro Gas Production (version 5.0). Rowett Research Institute, UK.
Cheng, K. J. and Hungate, R. E. 1976. Effect of alfalfa fiber substrate on culture counts of rumen bacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology 32: 649-652.
Chenost, M. 1995. Optimizing the Use of Poor Quality Roughage through Treatments and Supplementation in Warm Climate Countries with Particular Emphasis on Urea Treatment. First Electronic Conference on Tropical Feeds with Particular Emphasis on Urea Treatment. FAO, Rome.
Chenost, M. and Kayouli, C. 1997. Roughage Utilisation in Warm Climates. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 135, Rome.
Getahun, K. Y. 2006. Effect of urea treatment and leucaena leucocephala supplementation on the utilization of wheat straw by sheep. M. Sc. Thesis. Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
Hart, F. J. and Wanapat, M. 1992. Physiology of digestion of urea treated rice straw in swamp buffalo. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 5:617-622.
Kebreab, E., Smith, T., Tanner, J. and Osuji, P. 2005. Review of under nutrition in small holder ruminant production systems in the tropics. pp 3–95, In: Ayantunde, A. A., Fernandez-Rivera S., McCrabb G. (eds.). Coping with Feed Scarcity in Smallholder Livestock Systems in Developing Countries. Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands; University of Reading, Reading, UK; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland; and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Lu, C. D., Kawas, J. R. and Mahgoub, O. G. 2005. Fibre digestion and utilization in goats. Small Ruminant Research 60: 45-52.
Madrid, J. F., Hemandez, M., Pulgar, A. and Cid, J. M. 1997. In vivo digestibility of treated and untreated barley straw: results of direct and by difference digestibility trial. Animal Feed Science and Technology 65 (1/4): 129-138.
McDonald, I. 1981. A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science 96: 251-252.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Morgan, C. A. 2002. Animal Nutrition, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK.
MOA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1998. Agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. Natural Resources Management and Regulatory Department, MOA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 49p.
Moss, A. R., Givens, D. I. and Garnsworthy, P. C. 1994. Effect of alkali treatment of cereal straws on digestibility and methane production by sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49: 245-259.
NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Nutrient Requirement of Sheep, 6th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nurfeta, A., Tolera, A., Eik, L. O. and Sundstol, F. 2009. Feeding value of enset (Ensete ventricosum), Desmodium intortum hay and untreated or urea and calcium oxide treated wheat straw sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Nutrition 93: 94-104.
Orskov, E. R. and McDonald, I. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation in measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Animal Science 88: 645-650.
Osuji, P. O., Nsahlai, I. V. and Khalili, H. 1993. Feed evaluation. ILCA Manual 5. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 40p.
Perkin-Elmer, 1982. Perkin-Elmer AAS Manual (model 2380). Norwalk, Connecticut, USA.
Pradhan, R., Tobioka, H. and Tasaki, I. 1997. Effect of moisture content and different levels of additives on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw. Animal Science and Technology (Japan) 68: 273-284.
Preston, T. A. 1995. Tropical Animal Feeding. A Manual for Research Workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 126. Rome.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2002. SAS Version 9.1.3. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Silva, A. T. and Orskov, E. R. 1988. Fibre digestion in the rumen of animals receiving hay, untreated or ammonia treated straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology 19: 299-287.
Sirohi, S. K. and Rai, S. N. 1998. Optimization of treatment conditions of wheat straw with lime: Effect of concentration, moisture content and treatment time on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74: 57-62.
Sirohi, S. K. and Rai, S. N. 1999. Synergistic effect of lime and urea treatment of wheat straw on chemical composition, in sacco and in vitro digestibility. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 12: 1049-1053.
Sundstol, F. and Coxworth, E. M. 1984. Ammonia treatment. In: Sundstol F. and Owen E. (eds.). Straw and other fibrous by-products as feed. Elsevier, Amesterdam. pp 196-247.
Teferi, A., Getachew, A. and Habtemariam, K. 2013. Utilization and nutritive value of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) straw as feed for livestock in the Northwestern lowlands of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(7).
Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A. 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of British Grassland Society 18: 108-112.
Trach, N. X., Mo, M. and Dan, C. X. 2001. Effects of treatment of rice straw with lime and/or urea on responses of growing cattle. Livestock Research for Rural Development 13(5).
Van Soest, P. J. and Robertson, J. B. 1985. Analysis of forage and fibrous foods. A laboratory manual for Animal science. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Wanapat, M., Chenost, M., Munoz, F. and Kayouli, C. 1996. Methods for improving the nutritive value of fibrous feed: treatment and supplementation. Annales de Zootechnie 45: 89-103.
Zaman, M. S. and Owen, F. 1995. Effect of calcium hydroxide and urea treatment of barley straw on chemical composition and digestibility in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 51: 165-171.
Zaman, M. S., Owen E. and Pike, D. J. 1994. The calculation method used for optimizing conditions of treatment of barley straw with calcium hydroxide and urea, moisture, treatment time and temperature on in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45: 271-282.
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